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Elements of research logics - Coggle Diagram
Elements of research logics
Logical reasoning for drawing research conclusions
Deductive reasoning
theories --> data
logical and true
quantitative research and is explanatory
(there are more deductive elements, might have a theory and try to find data to prove or disprove.
Inductive reasoning
data --> theories
you have all the relevant data to construct theories --> logical but can be incorrect
makes broad generalisation from specific observations --> more difficult to manage
truly inductive research is rare
qualitative research and is exploratory
(gathering as much info from the real world in order to develop a theory).
Abductive reasoning
data --> theories
just enough data to formulate theories and make presumptions.
ex: going to the doctor and telling him what is wrong, the doctor doesn't have all the info just enough to give you a good prescriptive.
Types of research design
Explanatory
usually conducted after exploratory and descriptive research.
attempts to explain why certain phenomena work in the way that they do, answering the question "why?"
links different ideas to understand the nature of cause-and-effect relationships in order to explain why certain phenomena occur.
Descriptive
aims to describe the characteristics of the study group, answering the question "how?"
uses both qualitative and quantitative methodologies
conducted after exploratory research.
Exploratory
explore and investigate a problem which is not clearly defined, answering the question "what?"
initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical idea --> conducted at the preliminary stage.
explores the research problem but does not offer conclusive solutions to existing problems.
Choosing tools and strategies
quantitative
experimental
Provides researchers with high level of control
Findings of the study can be replicated
Specific conclusions for a study
Can be collaborated with other research designs
observational
Collect data from observation with no intervention from researcher
survey
Data collection techniques
Descriptive statistics
Public opinion
qualitative
Characteristics
supports focus on micro-level meanings, interpretations and complex situations
Flexible to adaptation during the research process
involves positioned researcher, both collecting data and interpreting findings for analysis
NOT very good at explanatory or generalisable causality
observing: recording observations while participating with a community or group.
talking: interpreting with participants in interviews in order to understand their perspectives.
collecting: gathering existing objects (text, visual...) within specified criteria.
mixed methods
sequential mixed method
: a mixed methods study design, where the quantitative phase of data collection and analysis follows the qualitative phase of data collection and analysis.
concurrent mixed method
: This design involves a single study containing qualitative and quantitative data collection which is conducted at the same time.
transformative mixed method
: the purpose of this design is to address issues of social justice and call for change for underrepresented or marginalised populations.
Research approach
Worldviews
postpositivism
determination
reductionism
empirical observation and measurement
theory verification
constructivism
understanding
multiple participant meanings
social and historical construction
theory generation
transformative
political
power and justice oriented
collaborative
change-oriented
Transformative paradigm
wicked problems
--> problems for which time is running out, there is no central authority, the persons trying to solve the problem are also causing it, and policies to address them discount the future.
Research framework that centers the experiences of marginalized communities, includes analysis of power differentials that have led to marginalization, and links research findings to actions intended to mitigate disparities.
mixed methods approaches for wicked problems
paradigm
: a metaphysical construct associated with specific philosophical assumptions that describes one's worldview.
pragmatism
consequences of actions
problem-centered
pluralistic
real-world practice oriented
Alternative research designs
quantitative
experimental designs
non experimental designs (surveys)
pre-determined
qualitative
narrative research
phenomenology
grounded theory
ethnographies
case study
emerging methods
mixed methods
convergent
explanatory sequential
exploratory sequential
transformative, embedded or multiphase
both predetermined and emerging methods
Criteria for selecting a research approach
the research problem and questions
personal experience
audience