M4.1: Early Settlements (1000 BC - 1565) - Primary Sources
Primary sources
M4.2: Early Settlements - Life in early settlements
processes that lead to socio-political complexity (increases size of settlement or is able to maintain size of settlment)
M5.1: Nation Facing Changes - Galleon Trade (1565 - 1770s)
Starting: 1565 Spanish colony is established by legazpi expedition, prior to that, the encounters did not establish a capital yet;
Ending: 1770s shift of economic system to agri cash crop economy; events related to collapse of galleon trade economy (revolution, loss of silver)
M5.2 Reform Period (1770s - 1872)
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Boxer Codex 16th c.
Laguna copperplate inscription 900CE
Antolin Map 1789
Pigafetta's Voyage around the world
Downstreaming: using later primary sources as clues for ways of life that existed before that period in time. Needs to be corroborated with other sources.
sales and trade
prehispanic names and places (e.g. jayadewa chief of tundun, chief mdang)
evidence of early documentation (malay writing systems)
economic networks
socio-political complexity (slavery and debt)
utang, pardoning, debt bondage
Kinds of primary sources
textual
oral traditions
material sources
General descriptions
no unified Philippines yet
communities of varying complexity
different languages, resources niches, and relationships w each other
kinds of settlements
relationships between settlements
socio-political complexity: complexity of internal structure (hierarchy) and relationships to other settlements (alliances, enemies)
many communities with different terms but the common ones we use are 'barangay' headed by a datu
raiding and warfare (pangangayaw): more material and human resources
trading:
agricultural growth: allows long term settlement in one place and the development of organization and cooperation.
debt bondage
feasting: contributes to maintaining the size of a settlement because it promotes loyalty (teambuilding exercise, distribute luxury items, gifts, recognition for warriors, etc.)
classless
warrior
coastal/river settlements
principalities (sultanates)
Contexts on the spanish side: : why did spain stay and colonize us?
instruments: how did the spanish colonize the Philippines
Contexts on the Philippine side (M4.2): why did spain stay and colonize us?
geographically, we were in a good position to trade with larger east asian countries (chinese in manila and cebu, japanese in agoo and aparri)
geographically, we are close to the spice islands
trade links already exist between some philippine settlements and other economies that the spanish are interested in
what put the spanish in a position to colonize in the first place
Spain had resources from its reconquista (reconquest) of its territory in Europe as part of the Christian crusades
Spain begins its mission to find another route to the spice islands because they're expensive and they need to trade with the Muslims
'Age of discovery': the spanish are looking for the spice islands but they find the americas. they realize they aren't in the spice islands
they send another expedition to look for the spice islands past the americas. they land in the Philippines
Spanish come to the Philippines and realize they still aren't in the spice islands. they are unable to conquer the spice islands and instead find another resource to trade here: Chinese goods - silk and porcelain
the spanish then develop galleon trade as the reason they stay here
general reasons to colonize the Philippines
economic: initially wanting to trade in spices, the spanish learn they can trade in silk and other oriental goods from the Philippine islands bc of pre-existing trade (goods)
socio-cultural side: they wanted to extend the mission to christianize the world (God)
political side: they wanted to control more territory than other european colonizers (glory)
Political
Economic: Galleon trade as the central reason for staying
Socio-cultural
You need a main port: Manila becomes the center of the colony
You need labor: repartimiento (polo y servicio) to build the ships, the buildings, the roads, as crewmembers, soldiers, etc.
You need to control your territory: encomienda, a peace, order and taxation unit managed by a colonizer (encomendero)
You need tribute and food: vandala and tributo
you need to claim the land as your own: regalian doctrine
Mapping: many parts of the Philippines were now involved in GT (labor from Pampanga, Tagalog areas, Visayas, Ilocos), shipyards (cavite and cebu), main port (manila)
how to begin? divide and conquer, use local alliance networks (eg. early example lapu lapu vs magellan and humabon, pintados and spanish vs. manila)
how do you rule this new colony? plug it into a global chain of command from the king of spain at the top to the local leaders at the bottom. Datus and rajahs become cabeza de barangay and gobernadorcillo. you apply a set of laws (laws of the indies)
how do you impose colonization in the everyday lives of people?
physical resettlement (reduccion) accdg to the laws of the indies so they're easier to control. many lowland coastal settlements are sites for new towns
how effective are they at colonization? (three spheres of influence)
hispanized philippines: areas under greater control of the spanish
islamic areas: sultanates in the south that are too strong to be colonized and continue their own historical development
pockets of upland resistance: areas that are difficult to control because of geography and because smaller groups keep evading the spanish (Indigenous People)
what system rules us culturally? Catholicism
how are we converted and ruled spiritually? with a partnership bet church and crown (patronato real). Friars have the most power in most parts of the Philippines
how does colonization affect the socio-political strucutre?
insulares
peninsulares
mestizos and sangleys
indios
elite (principalia)
rest of the people
General timeline for spanish colonial period: 1565-1872
turning points
historical significance: (1) reforms in this period attempted to shift the philippine colonial system to suit the needs of a changing world order (industrialization, revolution, problems bet. liberals and absolutists in spain); (2) the tension from this period would set the foundation for the emergence of the Philippine nation and, later, its revolution
1770s - 1815: Transition to a different economic and political system in the spanish colonies, inc. the Philippines. Economically, we were shifting to a cash crop economy
1770s reforms by gov gen basco y vargas
1815 last galleon sets sail
1872: Cavite mutiny marks the emergence of a new historical era, the formation of nationalist consciousness
Global Contexts
Kinds of Reforms
Industrialization forces the spanish to look for new ways to extract resources from the Ph itself rather than just using it as a collection point for silk and other asian luxury goods
Mexican revolution: silver coming from the spanish colonies in latin america, esp. Mexico is cut off because of revolution. This also led to a loss of subsidies from mexico and the need for the Philippines to support itself economically.
why was there a need to reform?
European rivalry: Due to the seven years war between Spain and Great Britain, the British invade the Philippines and hold it captive for two years
Trouble in Spain bet. liberals and absolutists leads to different policies
look for new basis of economy to be competitive w other european colonies
no choice but to shift to a new economic system because we lost an important part of galleon trade
the military vulnerabilities of the ph were exposed, need to reform this
reason for the constantly changing reforms in the phil. bet absolutist and liberal policies. every time one faction wins, they instate a new gov gen
Econ: shift to cash crop agriculture, eg tobacco, sugar, hemp
Pol/military
Religious
Friar power resulted in the dividing of territory into the control of different orders (augustinians, dominicans, franciscans, recolletos, jesuits)
First, prep space
What do you need to do to make a cash crop economy?
Create more areas that grow cash crops: haciendas
Place to sell the items: growth of cities, specifically port cities. More and more port cities are opened to world trade in the 19th c (iloilo, cebu)
to control the growth of cash crops, they created monopolies (tobacco monopoly, eg ilocos, cagayan)
issues/effect
on cash crop farms, there was little land dedicated to growing food staples, lack of food for agri workers
shift to cash economy
abuses of agri workers
contradicting liberal and absolutist reforms
general trend was towards centralization and the creation of a bureaucracy to lead to professionalization of govt service
military reform: boost their mil. capacity (guardia civil) and increase control over areas they couldnt really control in the past (moro and cordilleran provinces)
supposedly, missionary orders (full blooded spanish) were supposed to turn over territory to friars called seculars (mestizo filipinos) who would take over from there
Orders did not want to turn over territory
M6: Formation of nationalist consciouness
Contexts
Phases
19th c developments
Long tradition of resistance: this served as a template for the masses to join revolution later on
What do you need to form a nation?
initially a self identifying part of the middle class called filipinos made up of mestizo chinese, spanish, and indios
the growth of the middle class was a result of the opportunities in cash crop agri
more means of communication: printing press, more transpo networks
Pre-revo
Revo
1872: Cavite mutiny marks beginning of propaganda movement, led by the intellectual elite called the ilustrados
Secularization movement: racial discrimination against the filipino priests
Spain-based movement
Instruments of propaganda
newspaper la solidaridad
organization la liga filipina
aims
equal rights as citizens of spain
province of spain
1890s PM fails and the Katipunan is founded after. Led by members of the lower middle classes and joined by members of the lower classes
Instruments
Aims: political (break free from spain and create a new political entity), civic (to create a community that cared for its members) and moral objectives
A way to communicate w members: kalayaan newspaper
kartilla: moral code
governing structure
1897: Snap elections at Tejeros convention shifts the leadership of the revolution to the provincial elite under the new philippine revolutionary govt
aims
Break free from spain
to create a political unit that looked like western governments: the modern nation state
instruments
Constitution
governing structure that looked like a western cabinet
1898 americans enter the scene, spain is defeated but we now have a new colonizer