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Chronic Kidney Disease, Infections - Coggle Diagram
Chronic Kidney Disease
Altered Perfusion
Excessive perfusion demands
prolonged exertions, metabolic alterations, and anemia result
lack of meeting excessive demands; dehydration, hemorrhage, cardiac failure
Manifestations
: dyspnea, dizziness or syncope, chest pain, hypotension, tachycardia, weakness, decrease in cognitive function, oliguria or anuria
Treatment
: IV fluids, renal replacement therapy, inotropic drugs, renal vasodilators, systemic vasopressors
pressure on renal blood vessels obstruct perfusion and lead to tissue degeneration and obstructed tubular flow
Altered Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
Altered Acid-Base Balance
Kidneys can not remove enough acid leading to metabolic acidosis
Manifestations
: rapid breathing, confusion, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, shock or death
Treatment
: aim is to correct primary cause, replace fluid and electrolytes, and correct the pH
Treatment
: excretion or getting rid of excess acids, buffering acids with a base to balance blood acidity, preventing the body from making too many acids, respiratory compensation, metabolic compensation, IV sodium bicarbonate, hemodialysis
Hyperkalemia
inadequate excretion of potassium
associated with development of cardiac arrest, abdominal cramping, and flaccid paralysis due to effects on sodium channels
Manifestations
: muscle weakness or paralysis, cardiac conduction abnormalities, and cardiac arrhythmias, numbness and tingling, nausea and vomiting, irregular heart rate, shortness of breath
Treatment
: diet, diuretics, adjusting dosage of medications, IV treatment, potassium-binders, dialysis
Hyponatremia
Manifestations
: nausea and vomiting, headache, confusion, restlessness, irritability, muscle weakness and spasms, seizure, coma
decreased levels of sodium in the blood
may lead to reduced, or absent urine output
Treatment
: if due to diet, diuretics, or drinking too much, may be recommended to cut back on fluids and adjust diuretic use
Altered Elimination
progressive polycystic kidney disease may result in increasing loss of renal function
cysts of increasing size and number replace the functional tissue that leads to this
Manifestations
: earliest is hypertension, flank pain, headaches, nausea, anorexia, urinary tract infection, lever and pancreatic cysts, cardiac valvular disease, renal calculi, cerebral aneurysms, diverticular disease
Treatment
: with renal failure, kidney transplantation indicated, analgesics for pain, dialysis; hemodialysis,
Altered Hormonal and Metabolic Regulation
impaired metabolism and elimination of hormones that are essential to maintaining homeostasis
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
Manifestations
: decreased and concentrated urine output, with more severe being anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, irritability, disorientation, muscle cramps, and weakness, sometimes psychosis, gait disturbances, seizures, or coma
Treatment
: water restriction, isotonic or hypertonic saline administered intravenously, IV solutions, medications to block effects of ADH or to increase urine output if removing cause is not possible
Altered Neuronal Transmission
Manifestations
: reduction in macular thickness and had changes in neural parameters
affects peripheral nervous system
stroke, cognitive dysfunction, encephalopathy, peripheral and autonomic neuropathies, ataxia
Treatment
: dialysis, transplant, symptom management, blood pressure control, blood sugar control, cholesterol medications
Infections
Urinary Tract Infection
Pyelonephritis
More prone to infections due to access site being vulnerable
Viruses, bacterial infections, fungal infections, protozoal and parasitic infections, malaria,