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Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering - Coggle…

- - - - Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons. These electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
      - Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
    - - Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements
        They are most
        frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides
      - Common Ceramic Materials
        
        Aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3)
        Silicon dioxide (or silica,
        SiO2)
        Silicon carbide (SiC)
        Silicon nitride (Si3N4)
        Traditional ceramics
        those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as
        well as cement and glass
    - - Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
        carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
        elements
      - polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),
        polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber
        These materials typically
        have low densities
        easily formed into
        complex shapes
        stiffnesses and strengths on a per-mass basis
        are comparable to the metals and ceramics
        One major drawback of the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances,
        limits their use
    - - A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials.
        metals, ceramics, and polymers
      - The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties
      - A large number of composite types exist that are represented
        by different combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers
      - technologically important materials is the “carbon fiberreinforced polymer” (or “CFRP”) composite—carbon fibers that are embedded within a polymer
      - The CFRP
        composites are used in some aircraft and aerospace applications, as well as high-tech sporting equipment
- - - - Shape-memory alloys are metals that, after having been
        deformed, revert back to their original shapes when temperature is changed
    - - expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage)
    - - analogous to that of the piezoelectrics,
        except that they are responsive to magnetic fields
    - - liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon
        the application of electric and magnetic fields, respectively.