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Botany Exam 3, General stuff, Wood, image, Spermatophytes (seed plants) -…

- - - - contain Torus Margo pit membrane- acts like a filter to prevent air from causing embolism
    - - short and wide
      - more water conduction= can have fibers. greater risk of cavitation
      - especially present in angiosperms
      - dead at maturity
      - Protoxylem (small)
        
        annular/"slinky" pattern
        
        metaxylem (large)
        
        lignified, strong, porous
  - - - sieve cells
        
        accompanied by albumin cell
      - Sieve tube elements
        
        have sieve plate
        
        alive at maturity
        
        callose or P-proteins plugs tube when damaged
        
        accompanied by companion cell
        
        connected through plasmodesmata
        
        og one cell. splits
        
        has a nucleus
        
        no nucleus
- - - - Mitosis of a single cell
  - - - Enation Theory
      - microphyll
        
        mitosis of two epidermal cells
      - exarch, Protostele
      - no root cap or hairs
    - - Gymnosperms # #
        
        only plant w sieve cells, have these instead of sieve tube elements
        
        paired with an albuminous cell
        
        transport photosynthate and hormones
        
        Softwood- no vessel elements, few fibers
      - Monilophytes/Ferns
        
        Fronds
        
        shoot like development, From a single apical cell
        
        stems
        
        endarch, Siphonostele
      - Angiosperms
        
        Monocots
        
        Leaves (Phyllad)
        
        #
        
        Stomata- on top (adaxial) AND bottom surface (abaxial)
        
        Air chambers below stomata #
        
        Mesophyll
        
        Bulliform Cells
        
        helps with rolling- reduces heat stress Large vacuoles hold water=turgid. flaccid/rolled when under water stress.
        
        Vascular bundle
        
        Phloem
        
        Xylem
        
        Stems
        
        No Pith
        
        Phloem outside, Xylem inside
        
        Atactostele
        
        Roots
        
        Pith
        
        Eudicots
        
        Leaves (Phyllad)
        
        #
        
        Mesophyll
        
        Palisade- chlorenchyma, chlorophyll, Photosynthesis
        
        Spongy- Aerenchyma(air pockets for buoyancy in some), gas exchange
        
        Vascular bundle- Collenchyma(flexible support)
        
        Xylem- top
        
        Phloem- bottom
        
        Stomata- on bottom only
        
        Stems
        
        Pith
        
        Phloem outside, Xylem inside
        
        endarch, Eustele
        
        Roots
        
        No Pith
        
        Hardwood- Vessel elements + fibers
      - Zimmerman Telome Theory
        
        Overtopping- unequal branching, one primary and side
        
        Webbing- Branches become veins, webbing becomes mesophyll(inside of leaf)
        
        Plantation- flattening
- - - - replaces hydrostatic support
  - - - in to out (center)
      - in siphonosteles
    - - in to out (sides)
      - in eusteles (newest)
    - - in Protosteles (oldest)
      - out to in(protoxylem to metaxylem)