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CHAP 6: The Human Population and Urbanization - Coggle Diagram
CHAP 6: The Human Population
and Urbanization
Transportation affects urban environmental impacts
Cities can grow outward or upward
many people live in compact cities
Some people live in dispersed cities
Motor Vehicles Has Advantages
and Disadvantages
Advantages
comfortable and convenient
much of the world’s economy is tied to the
production/maintenance of cars, roads, etc
Disadvantages
accidents
pollution
congestion
Reducing Automobile Use Is Not Easy, but
It Can Be Done
Phase in full-cost pricing
Raise parking fees in cities
Increase/charge tolls on roads, tunnels, and
bridges
Major Urban Resource
and Environmental Problems
Trends in urban population dynamics
The percentage of people living in urban areas increase
The size and number of urban regions is increasing exponentially
Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized (In less-developed countries)
Why Are People Moving to Cities?
Search of better jobs, living conditions, education, food, health care
Famine, deteriorating environmental conditions, war
Urbanization
Advantages
Centers of economic development, innovation, education, technological advance, social and cultural diversity, job markets
Live longer, have better health care and education
Disadvantages
Unsustainable
Lack vegetation, have water problems, concentrate pollution, health problems, produce noise pollution, affect local climate
How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and Livable?
Eco-Cities: Cities for People, Not Cars
Planting trees and plants throughout the city
Reducing air and noise pollution, as well as soil erosion
Meeting high energy-efficiency standards for electricity and appliances
Efficient use of ecological land-use planning
Developing low-polluting mass transit
The Role of Eco-Cities
Eco-cities can
Clean up industrial sites and preserve nearby forests
Source food locally from nearby farms, solar greenhouses, and rooftop gardens
Example
Portland
Oregon
Helsinki
Smart Growth Can Promote Environmental Sustainability
Policies and tools that encourage more environmentally sustainable urban development
Includes zoning laws and other regulations to direct growth and reduce ecological footprints
Smart Growth Tools
Create sustainable cities and convert unsustainable existing cities to sustainable environmentally friendly communities
Makes cities economically competitive, which can provide opportunities for women to be educated and self-sufficient – and have fewer children
Can reduce the strain on the earth’s natural capital resources in cities
How does a Population’s Age
Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline?
The growth or decline of a population is determined by a number of males and females in specific age categories
Middle age
Older age
Youth age
A population's age structure helps to make projections about growth
The number and percentages of people in the young, middle, and old age categories
The percentage of people age 65 or older increases → That population declines
Japan: highest percentage
Declining population: few adults are working and paying taxes
Younger people support the increasing population of those over 65
Japan experiences economic difficulties in the futer
What Factors Influence the Size of the
Human Population?
Increase population size
Birth
Factors will affect
Cost
of raising and educating children
Fewer children needed to support seniors
Children as part of the
labor force
More family
planning in urban
areas
Access to education/employment
outside the home
Age
Women over 25 have fewer children
Abortion and reliable birth control
Immigration
(People in)
Factors will affect
Seeking jobs and economic improvement
Fleeing religious persecution, ethnic conflicts, and war
Environmental refugees
Decrease population size
Deaths
Factor will affect
Nutrition, medicine, and sanitation improved
Life expectancy increased
Infant mortality rates dropped
Emigration
(People out)
Fertility rate
The average number of children born to women
is the
key factor in determining population size
How Many People Can the Earth
Support?
Human Population Growth Shows Certain
Trends
the last 200
years, rapid growth
Factors contributing to exponential growth
modern agriculture
Technology
Three Current Trends
Since 1960, the population is still
growing
Growing 14 times faster in undeveloped
countries than in developed countries
Increasingly people are moving to urban
areas
Some Ways To Slow Human
Population Growth
Ways to slow growth
Elevate the status of women
Educated women
Make family planning available
Access to education and clinical services
Reduce poverty
Transitional
Preindustrial
Industrial
Postindustrial