Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Nutrition in Humans - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Entrance to buccal cavity
        
        Whr. digestion begins
      - Teeth
        
        Breaks up larger pieces of food into smaller pieces
      - Tongue
        
        Rolls into small, slippery, round masses/boli
      - Salivary glands
        
        Saliva
        
        Salivary amylase
        
        Digests starch into maltose
        
        Mucin
        
        Softens food
    - - Narrow, muscular tube tht. extends to stomach
      - Walls made up of longitudinal + circular musc.
      - Peristalsis
        
        Contraction & relaxation of musc. to push food down into stomach
      - Gravity pushes bolus into stomach
    - - Distensible musc. bag
      - Gastric glands
        
        Gastric juice
        
        Pepsin & renin
        
        Act on proteins
        
        Hydrochloric acid
        
        Acidic medium for action of pepsin & renin
        
        Kills micro-organisms in food
      - Peristalsis/Churning of stomach wall
        
        Mixes food w. gastric juice
    - - Duodenum
        
        Release of alkaline fluids
        
        Alkaline medium
        
        Neutralises acidic chyme
        
        Intestinal juice
        
        Maltase
        
        Lactase
        
        Lipase
        
        Pancreatic juice
        
        Pancreatic amylase
        
        Pancreatic protease
        
        Pancreatic lipase
        
        Bile
      - Ileum
        
        Site of absorption
        
        Diffusion
        
        Glucose + AA diffuse into blood capillaries
        
        Glycerol + fatty acids diffuse into epithelium
        
        Combine to form minute fat globules which enter
        lymphatic capillary
        
        Active transport
        
        Glucose + AA absorbed
        
        Adaptation
        
        Large SA:Vol
        
        Long length
        
        Villi in inner walls incr. SA
        
        Numerous folds in its (villi’s) inner wall incr. SA
        
        Microvilli in epithelium of villi incr. SA
        
        Thin walls to make it easy for nutrients to pass thru. to bloodstream
        
        Many capillaries present to carry nutrients away quickly
        
        Thin separating membrane
        
        Steep conc. gradient
      - Ab. 6m long in adults
    - - Colon
      - Rectum
        
        Faeces stored temporarily
      - Ab 1.5m long
      - Anus
        
        Faeces discharged thru. here (egestion/defecation)
  - - - Converts harmful subst. into harmless prod.
    - - Whr. recycling of haemoglobin of worn out RBCs. take place aft. they are destroyed in spleem
        
        Break down of haemo.
        
        Prod. iron stored in liver
        
        Used in synthesis of new RBCs
        
        Prod. bile
    - - Keeps it constant
      - Stimulated by seceretion of insulin & glucagon (by Islets of Langerhans in pancreas) to store/release glucose
    - - Emulsifies fats
    - - Symptoms of drunkenness
      - Incr. risk of stomach ulcer
      - Freq. intake leads to addiction
      - Liver cirrhosis
- - - - starch –(salivary amlyase)-> maltose
      - starch –(pancreatic amylase)-> maltose
        
        maltose –(maltase)-> glucose
        
        lactose –(lactase)-> glucose + galactose
      - End products
        
        Simple sugars (GFG)
        
        Glucose
        
        Used for respiration to prod. energy for cellular activities
    - - Bile emulsify fats
        
        Break down fats into smaller fat droplets tht. suspend in water
      - fats –(pancreatic + intestinal lipase)-> fatty acids + glycerol
      - For synthesis of cell membrane
    - - protein –(pepsin)-> polypeptides
      - polypeptides –(peptidases/pancreatic protease)-> amino acids
        
        For synthesis of new protoplasm/proteins
- - - - Hepatic portal vein
        
        Transports sugars + AA frm. small intestine to liver
    - - Lymphatic vessels
        
        Discharge fats into bloodstream
        
        Excess fats
        
        Stored in fat/adipose tissues
    - - Remaining glucose + AA leave liver
        
        Distributed to APOP
    - - Excess glucose
        
        Converted into glycogen
      - Excess AA
        
        Converted into urea/deaminated