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THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM, image, image, image, image,…
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CULTURE OF OPTIMISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT
advances were not accepted by everybody
resistance by political and religious powers
the society was illiterate
difficult to universalist ideas
new intellectual movement appeared
the Enlightenment
developed during the 18th century
it was an European pehnomenon
France its main epicenter
spred to America
thinkers
burgeoisie
clergymen
noblemen
cultural and philosophical movements
it was an optimistic intellectual movement
it expressed hope
different ideas
progress
developement of knowledge
civilisation could control
well-being and health
nature
happiness
an individual right
leaders were obligated to provide
reason
illuminate the darkness
a way to overcome religious dogmas and notions
human rationality
thinkers challenged religious beliefs
WOMEN IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
they experienced inequality and subordination
wealthy ones protested to improve it
salons
exchange of ideas
Marie-Thérèse Rodet (1699-1777)
attended literary salons of Paris
became famous for her salon
her guests
Diderot
Montesquieu
Benjmain Franklin
D'Alembert
Voltaire
Suzanne Curchod
science literature and art
some women began to work in mens professions
María Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799)
profession
linguist
mathematician
teacher
she spoke various languages
published some calculus books
used in teaching
she taught at the University of Bologna
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
first women known for being feminist
worked as a translator
she wrote short stories and a book
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Émilie du Châtelet (1706-1749)
profession
physicist
writer
mathematician
she translated Newtons theories
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
it was a reformist movement
defended aims through
reforms of society
reforms of economy
reforms of politics
reforms of culture
enlightenment thinkers
monarchists
supported reforming monarchies
guarantee individual rights
moderate the power of absolute kings
importance to education and pedagogy
supported extending education
they limit it to basic knowledge
led to scientific and technical innovations
developement
Church lost part of their influence
more critical intellectual attitude
encouraged improvements
primary education systems for boys and girls
important thinkers
VOLTAIRE (1694-1778)
middle-class property owner
criticised religious fanaticism and the Church
advocate of freedom of religion
in favor of enlightened despotisms
fought for rights and judicial reform
ROSSEAU (1712-1778)
middle-class background
proposed a model of society
he supported democracy
MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755)
Baron of Montesquieu
French magistrate
criticised absolute monarchies
proposed a moderate monarchy
separate
legislative powers
judicial powers
executive powers
THE SPREAD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
spreading ideas
printed in the press and books
spread by the Encyclopèdie
28 volumes
published between 1751-1772
25,000 people subscribed
organized alphabetically
edited by French Enlightenment thinkers
D'Alambert
Diderot
end of 18th century
newspapers published
weekly
on Sundays
daily
first Spanish newspaper
Diario noticioso, curioso, erudito, comercial y politico
published in 1758
Enlightenment ideas not spread by the Church
spread in gatherings of the nobility
guests enjoyed conversations with
writers
philosophers
reading societies
first public libraries
number of titles published increased
religious books replaced by
arts books
philosophy books
science books
literature books
academies
lectures were given
literary works were read
practical work was carried out
studies were supported by monarchs
monarchs also created academies
