Robert O. Keohane and Joseph Nye, “Power and Interdependence,” In Conflict After the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and Peace, 4th ed., edited by Richard K. Betts, (New York: Routledge, 2016), 164-171.
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When there are no constraints on choice of instrument of power, than force prevails, and the state with the strongest military wins... a la WWI and WWII.
We have entered an age where force is no longer considered as necessary, due to an increased belief in safety/security (i.e. Britain and Germany, US and Canada, etc.)
Force can still be a good deterrence and can be linked to non-security related goals (tie troop levels to economic goals). p. 167,
The use of force as a threat is much less attractive in the nuclear rage... it is risky to threaten a nuclear power. p. 157.
When non-security (economic) threats become life or death, realist assumptions may be more useful. 168.
Linkage strategies
Traditional analysis
Single, seamless web of issues, all linked
Complex interdependence
When strong states find their military immobilized, it's harder for them to dominate the worlds stage
As the utility of force declines, and as issues become more equal in importance, the distribution of power within each issue will become more important. p. 170.
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