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Skeletal System Pedro Bustos Period: 3 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System
Pedro Bustos
Period: 3
Anatomy of the long bone
• Bony processes provide attatchment sites for tendons and ligaments, opening or grooves for blood vessels and nerves, and depressios for articulation (forming a joint w/ other bone)
• Tightly packed tissue of wall of diaphysis is compact bone
• Epiphyses filled w/ spongy bone, reduces skeleton weight
Types of bones
Short
Almost equal in kength x width; bones at wrist and ankles
Sesamoid (round) bones - developes within tendon; patella
Flat
Plate like shape w/ broad surface; ribs, scapula, flattend skull bones
Long
With extended ends; arm and leg bones
Irreg
Varied shape; vertebrae, some facial bones
Name of Bones
Parietal - protects brain
Temporal (Temples)
Frontal bone (forehead)
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone (cheek bone)
Maxilla (upper jaw)
Mandible (lower jaw)
Atlas & axis (make up cervical)
Clavicle (collar bone
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Manubrium (protects lung and heart)
Sternum (same as ^)
Xiphoid process (muscular attachment)
Ribs (1-7 true ribs, connects to thoracic)
RIbs (8-12 false ribs, connects to thoracic)
Lumbar (stablizes the back and most of weight)
Coxal bone (hip bone)
Sacrum (strengthens and stablizes pelvis)
Coccyx (tail bone)
Humerus (arm)
Ulna and radius (allows rotaition in arm)
Carpal (wrist)
Metacarpals (accomodates muscles of palm)
Phalanages (fingers)
Femur (helps you move and supports most weight)
Patella (knees)
Tibia and fibula (holds weight and provides structure)
Talus (holds weight of entire body)
Tarsals (ankle)
Calcaneus (heel)
Phalanges (toes)
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
• Osteocytes located within chambers called lacunae
• Lacunae lie in concentric circles of matrix called lamellae
• Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called central canal; contain blood vessels and nerves
• Osteocytes pass nutrients and gasses thrue the matrix via tiny canals called canaliculi
• Extracellualr matrix of bone consits mainly of collagen and inorganic salts
-collagen provides STR and resillance
-inorganic salts (calcium phosphate) provides hard ess and vesistance to crushing
Joints
Synarthrotic (immovable)
Ex: Skull sutures
Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
Ex: Distal joint between the tibia and fibula
Diarthrotic (freely movable)
Ex: Elbow, shoulder, and ankle
Movments allowed by Synovial Joints
Ball & Socket (spheroidal) joint
Shoudler and hip joints
Condylar (ellipsoidal) join
Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Plave (gliding) joint
Wrist, ankle, between vertebrae, and sacroiliac joints
Hinge joint
Elbow and joints between phalanges
Pivot (trochoid) joint
Joint between the dens of the axis and atlas
Saddle (sellar) joint
Joint between trapezium (carpal) and the metacarpal of the thumb
Disorders/Diseases
Osteoarthritis
-
Protective cartilage at ends of bones wear down.
Osteosarcoma
-
Malignant bone tumor
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
-
A geneteic disorder causes brittle bones
Osteomyelitis
-
An infection in the bone
Paget's disease
-
Metablic none disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
Bone fracture repair
When a bone breaks blood escapes form ruptured blood vessels and forms a hematoma
Spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels, and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions
A hard calus replaces the fibrocartilage
Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring the bone to good as new
Differences between male and female skeleton
Males tend to have larger, more robist nones and joint surfaces, and more bone development at muscle attachment sites.
The biggest differences are in the pelvis, females hips are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscle attachment. As well as with a triangler obturator foramina. Females also have a wider pubic arch than males
Bone remodeling
Bones form by replacing exsisting CT in the fetus.
There are 2 methods of CT replacement
Intramembranous bones
Broad, flat bones of the skull form as I.B
Stem cells may differntiate into into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts deposit a bony matrix aroiund themselves in all directions, forming spongy bone
Once osteoblasts encased themselves w/ matrix, they are osteocytes now
Endochondral bones
Develop as hyaline cartilage models shaped like future bones; cartiilage is then replaced w/ bone tissue
Cartilage 1st broken down in diaphysis, and progress replaced w/ bone, while peristeum develops on the outside
Epiphyseal plate remains betwen epiphysis and diaphysis
Layers of cartilage undergo mitosis make up epiphyseal plate; it'll be a growth arera for the bone to increase in length
Osteoclasts break down calcified matrix
Osteoblasts deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage
Epiphyseal plate allows bone growth, once ossified no growth
Compact bone is deposited on outside of dev bone, forming medullary cavity
Medullary cavity fills w/ bone marrow, which prod blood cells