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Skeletal System Belen Esparza Period: 2, image, image, image, image,…
Skeletal System
Belen Esparza
Period: 2
Bone fracture repair
When a bone breaks
1) blood vessels also break and spread blood through the area creating a hematoma
2) Osteoblasts then invade the hematoma & build spongy bone
3) Fibroblasts produces mass firbtocartilage and it breaks down into hard boney tissue
4) Osteoblasts remove excess tissues
Joints (and examples of each type)
Cartilaginous Joints
: Articulating bones connected by hyline cartilaginous cartilage
Synovial Joints:
Articulating ends of bones surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes;
Plane
: Articulating surfaces nearly flat or
slightly curved
Hinge
: A covex surface of a bone that fits into concave of another
Condylar
: Oviod condylar fitting into an elliptical cavity of another bone
Pivot
: Cylindrical surface of one bone articulate with the ring of a bone and ligament
Ball-and-Socket
: Egg-shaped head of bone articulating cup-shaped cavity of another bone
Saddle
: Articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions
Fibrous Joints
: Articulating bones with thin layer of dense CT
Anatomy of the long bone
Periosteum
: tough layer of connective tissue that cover bone
Medullary Cavity:
Hollow chamber that the diaphysis contains
Diaphysis
: shaft of the bone
Endosteum
: thin layer of cells that line medullary cavity :
Articular Cartilage
(hyaline cartilage): covers the epiphyses
Bone Marrow
: special type of connective
tissue that fills medullary cavity
Epiphyses
: extended ends of bones, forms joints with adjacent bones
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteocytes: Bone cells found in chambers called lacunae
Osteocytes pass nutrients and gases through the matrix through tiny canals called canaliculi
Central canals of adjacent osteons are interconnected by
transverse perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Compact bone
Lacunae lie in concentric circles of matrix called lamella
Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called a central
(Haversian) canal
Spongey bone
spongy bone is made of osteocytes and
extracellular matrix that lie within trabeculae
Movements allowed by Synovial joints
Abduction
: moving a body part away from the midline
Adduction
: moving a body part towards the midline
Hyperextension
: straightening the body beyond normal anatomical position
Dorsiflexion
: ankle movement that brings foot to shin
Lateral Flexion
: bending the head, neck, or trunck to the side
Extension
: Straightening parts at a joint, increase angle between them
Plantar Flexion
: ankle movement that moves foot away from shin
Flexion
: bending parts at a joint, decrease angle between them
Rotation
: movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction
: Movement of a part, ends follow O
Inversion
: turning the sole of the foot medially
Pronation
: rotation of forearm, palm facing downward/posteriorly
Eversion
: turning the sole of the foot laterally
Retraction
: moving a part of the body backward
Supination
: rotation of forearm, palm facing upward /anteriorly
Protraction
: moving a part of the body forward
Depression
: Lowering a part of the body
Elevation
: Raising a part of the body
Difference between male and female skeleton
In general, males tend to have larger, "more robust bones and joint surfaces, and more bone development at muscle attachment sites".
For pelvic regions
Pelvic Cavity
Females
tend to
wider, shorter, roomier pelvic cavity and sacrum
Males
tend to have a
less wide sacrum and pelvic cavity
Pelvic Girdle
Females
tend to have a lighter thinner, with
less muscule attachments
Males
tend to have a
less wide pelvic girdle
with a
smaller pubic arch
Types of bones (and examples of each)
Short
:
almost equal in length and width
Ex. -Carpals -Patellas -Tarsals
Flat
:
plate-like shape with broad surface
Ex.
Skull
Occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer
Thoracic Cage
Pelivis
Long
:
long with expanded ends
Ex:
Upper Limbs
-Clavicle - Humerus -Radius -Ulna -Metacarpals -phalanges
Lower Limbs
-Tibia -Fibula
Irregular
:
varies in shape
Ex. vetabrae, and some facial bones
Disorders/diseases
Osteosarcoma
is a malignant
bone tumor
Osteomyelitis
is an
infection
in the bone, primary
staphylococcus
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
is a
genetic disorder
that causes
brittle bone
Paget's Disease
is a metabolic bone disease that
affects
the
breakdown and rebuilding of the bone
Osteoarthritis
occurs when the
protective cartilage
at the ends of bones
wears down
Names of all of the bones (anatomy & common terms/ definitions)
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral
Cervical Vertabrae
Thoracic Vertabrae
Lumbar Vertabrae
Thoracic Cage
Ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
True ribs
Sternum
Skull
Cranium bones
Temporal bones
Ethmoid bones
Spheroid bones
Occipital bones
Parietal bones
Frontal bones
Facial Bones
Maxillae
Mandible
Zygomatic bones
Vomer bone
Lacrimal bones
Nasal bones
Nasal conchae
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper limbs
Radius
((Lateral Forearm)
Carpals
((Wrist)
Ulna
(Medial Forearm)
Metacarpals
(Palm of hand)
Phalanges
(fingertips)
Humerous
(forearm)
Lower limbs
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Patella
Tarsals
:
Talus
Calcanelus
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Pelvic girdle
Coxal bone
Sacrum
Coccyx
Coxal Bone
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Bone remodeling
The osteoblast then commences preparation for re-absorption
Then osteoclast fills these cavities. The osteoblasts then can become lining cells of bone.
Bone modeling is important for maintaining bone strength, and promotes bone growth especially during one’s growth period. Fracture healing is similar as it consists of many specialized cells contributing to the healing process through “groupwork”; in the bone reparation process these cells work together.
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are cells that work together in the bone remodeling process .
