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Exam 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sieve plate
      - Area with many sieve pores
      - Usually on end wall
      - Many sieve tube elements together = sieve tube
      - Primary cell wall
      - Living protoplasts at maturity
      - Few organelles (ER)
      - Callose & callose plugs
    - - Transport of
      - Photosynthate
      - Hormones
      - Electric signals
      - Sieve tube element
      - Sieve plate
      - Sieve pore
      - Lateral sieve area
      - P protein
      - Plastid
      - Smooth ER
      - Mitochondria
      - Companion cell
      - Branched plasmodesmata
      - Vacuole
      - Nucleus
      - mitochondria
- - - - Protostele
      - Most ancestral type of stem vasculature
      - Exarch
  - - - Amount of water loss per carbon gained increased after Silurian
      - Carboniferous period greatly drained atmospheric CO2
      - Water demand is relatively high
      - Water transport system energetically efficient (don’t starve)
      - Minimal maintenance = cell death
      - Transport energy minimal
      - Water filtration close to soil access
    - - Increased competition for light selected for
      - taller plants
      - More developed tree canopies
      - Higher rates of transpiration
      - More xylem, wider xylem & longer conduits
      - Likely evolved 5 times
    - - Monocotyledonae
      - Arborescent
      - No secondary growth
      - Secondary growth
        
        Complex plant development
        
        Growth in girth
        
        Produce secondary
        
        xylem (wood)
        
        phloem (inner bark)
        
        Ground tissue (rays)
        
        Continuous circular ring growth
    - - Lepidondrids
      - Carboniferous
      - ~320mya
      - Vascular cambium only divided internally
      - Archaeopteris
      - Devonian/Carboniferous
      - Reproduced via spores
      - Extant lineages
      - Lycophytes
      - Euphyllophyte
    - - Wood block
      - Unique for each face
      - Longitudinal
      - Transverse
      - Radial
      - Initials
      - Fusiform - longitudinal
      - Ray - radial
    - - Xylem secondary cell walls robust
      - Phloem is crushed
      - Ring width determined by season and environment
      - Alternation of
      - Early wood
      - Late wood
      - Sapwood Vs. Heartwood
        
        Sapwood
        
        Functions in water transport
        
        Heartwood
        
        Functions in storage
        
        Can no longer transport water
      - Softwood VS Hardwood
        
        Softwood
        
        Tracheids only
        
        Little room for fibers
        
        Gymnosperms
        
        Hardwood
        
        Vessel elements’ efficiency permit space for fibers
        
        Angiosperms
    - - Ground tissue
      - Rays connect
      - Pith
      - Cortex
      - Vascular tissue
      - Xylem
      - Wood
      - Primary & secondary
      - Phloem
      - Inner bar
      - Secondary
      - Primary squished
      - Lots of fibers
      - Periderm
      - Outer bark
      - Phellem
      - Phellogen
      - Phelloderm
    - - Periderm
      - Phellem
      - Cork
      - Phellogen
      - Cork cambium
      - Phelloderm
      - Outer bark
      - Inner bark
      - Phloem & cortex
- - - - Moves water from soil to atmosphere
        Major input of water cycle
  - - - Hydrostatic pressure exerted on water in a cell
      - In turgid plant cells positive value
      - Xylem cells negative pressure due to tension
      - Water at atmospheric pressure has a pressure potential of zero
    - - Matric potential
        
        Adhesion of water molecules to nondissolved structures
        
        Example, soil particles
        
        Always negative
        
        Significant only outside living systems in very dry soils
  - - - Transpiration stream
      - Water movement from soil to atmosphere
      - Follows relatively high to low moisture level
      - From less negative to more negative water potential
    - - Water pases through endodermis, filtering solution, preventing embolism and foreign invaders
        
        Water remains unbroken due to cohesion of water molecules
        
        Pressure Flow hypothesis
        
        Source to link
        
        Transport assimilate from areas where it’s made = sources
        
        Materials moved to sinks
        
        Actively growing areas
        
        Storage areas
        
        Assimilate/ photosynthate loaded into sieve tube elements with help of companion cells from source
        
        Increases osmotic concentration, decreases water potential in sieve tube
        
        Water enters sieve tube from xylem due to water potential differential, creating turgor pressure
        
        Photosynthate moves by bulk flow to nearest/ strongest sink and is unloaded
- - - - Uni-multicellular projections
      - Anchorage
      - Some with mineral uptake
      - Genes
      - predate land plants
      - play a role in root hair development
    - - Lepidodendrales extinct
      - Dichotomous rooting system
      - Lateral stigmarian rootlets
      - Root hairs, mixed reports
      - Highly branched
      - Similar to roots
      - No chlorophyll
      - No stomata
      - Develop gravitropically
      - No root cap
      - Extant species lycophyte
      - Bifurcating
      - With root hairs
      - No quiescent center
    - - Shoot turned root
    - - Early without root hairs
      - Intact epidermis covered root tip
      - Anticlinal divisions only
      - Devonian lycophyte Asteroxylon mackiei
      - Independent evolution of
      - Endodermis
      - Root cap
    - - Diversity of arrangement used to infer phylogeny
      - Number of initial cells differs
      - Similar genes across plant taxa
      - Similar genes in shoot to root
  - - - Evolved independently
      - Lycophyte
      - Euphyllophyte
      - *Protect underlying tissues
      - Cells that slough off
      - Secrete mucilage
    - - Pluripotent
      - Initiation of lateral root development
      - Just inside the endodermis
    - - Single celled
      - Major absorption of water and minerals
      - Via osmosis from hypotonic soil solution to hypertonic cells
      - Delicate
      - Short-lived
    - - Large storage area
      - Outermost layers may show
      - Hypodermis
      - Exodermis
      - Casparian strip
      - Suberized lamella
      - Bound by endodermis and epidermis
    - - Casparian strip
      - Prevents apoplastic movement of water
      - Forces water to move through cell membranes to be filtered
  - - - Apical Meristem
        
        Behind root cap
        
        Maintains initial cells
        
        Backup plan
        
        Rarely divides
        
        Quiescent center
        
        Eudicot details
        
        Epidermis
        
        Cortex
        
        Endodermis
        
        Casparian strip
        
        Pericycle
        
        Xylem
        
        Phloem
      - Surrounded by cortex
      - Endodermis
      - Pith in center
      - Diversity
    - - No root hairs
      - No root cap
      - Selaginella sp example
    - - Epidermis
      - Cortex
      - Endodermis
      - Casparian strip
      - Pericycle
      - Xylem
      - Phloem
      - Pith
    - - Diversity
      - No pith
      - Endodermis
      - Cortex
- - - - Lycophytes
        
        Early vascular group
        Created towering forests during Carboniferous
      - Early Evidence
        
        Tracheids
        
        Syanaporphic trait
        
        Annular thickenings
        
        Cooksonia
        
        Early evidence of vascular tissue came from annular thickenings shown by cooksonia.
        
        Thought to be true tracheids
  - - - Poikilohydric
        
        Liverworts
      - Water-storage extend
      - Stayed small to reduce demand for water
      - Live in perennially wet substrates (stream sides)
      - More derived homoiohydric
    - - Bryophytes
      - Water conducting cell
      - No plasmodesmata (imperforate)
      - Aid in refilling from cavitation
      - Apomorphic trait (similar function but different origin) to true vascular tissue
      - No lignin
    - - Function in water movement & support
      - Torus-margo pit membrane
      - Move to prevent cavitation
    - - Die at maturity
      - Thickened lignin walls
      - Waterproofing
      - Structural support
      - Early Tracheids
        
        Water transport only (no support)
        
        lignified
        
        Relatively long and wide
        
        Ferns
        
        Tracheids + vessel elements in rhizomes of some species
        
        Lycophytes
        
        Pit membranes
      - Vessel Elementd
        
        Angiosperms
        
        Homogenous pit membrane
        
        Large diameter
        
        Dead and maturity
        
        Open, digested end walls
      - Trachied Vs. vessel element
        
        Pit membranes are absent in perforations of mature vessel elements
        
        Conductive area greater in end wall of vessel elements compared to lateral walls; tracheids are similar
        
        Perforation plate morphology different than lateral-wall pitting in vessel elements; tracheid endwall similar to lateral
        
        Vessel elements have a greater diameter than tracheids
        
        Vessel elements are shorter than tracheids
        
        Gymnosperm Vs. Angiosperm
        
        Vessels can have greater
        
        maximum diameters
        
        Maximum lengths
        
        Vessel elements may be short but the vessel can be much longer
        
        yields greater conductivity in vessel elements
        
        Lowers the cost (construction & transpiration)
        
        Having vessels permits more fiber (hardwood vs softwood)
        
        Downside is greater cavitation risk
        
        Vessel Element differentation
        
        Apical meristem
        
        Vacuolization
        
        Elongation
        
        Secondary cell wall
        
        annular
        
        Helical
        
        Reticulate
        
        Porous
        
        Dead at maturity
        
        Compared to a tracheid, a vessel element has an end wall the same as the lateral wall.
    - - Partially thickened
      - Rhynia
      - Vascular tissue not lignified
      - Lignified tracheids
      - Horneophyton
      - Annular cell wall
      - Helical cell wall
      - During Devonian,
      - Increase in xylem content
      - Increase in tracheid size
      - Increase in tracheid reinforcement
    - - Water transport only (no support)
      - lignified
      - Relatively long and wide
      - Ferns
      - Tracheids + vessel elements in rhizomes of some species
      - Lycophytes
      - Pit membranes
- - - - Polyphyletic origin
        
        Earliest evidence of true leaves
        
        Lycophytes
        
        microphylls/ lycophylls
        
        Euphyllophytes
        
        Independent evolution
      - Optimal light interception
        
        Convergent evolution
        
        Varied leaf development
        
        Enation theory
        
        Zimmerman telome theory
        
        describes lycophylls
  - - - Ground tissue
        
        Specialized parenchyma
        
        Contains chloroplasts
        
        Main function is photosynthesis
    - - Ground tissue
        
        Specialized parenchyma
        
        Contains air spaces from cells being digested
        
        Main function permit gas-exchange
        
        Large air pockets for buoyancy in aquatic plants
      - Collenchyma
        
        Ground tissue
        
        Thickened primary cell walls
        
        Main function in flexible support
        
        Found in bundle sheath of veins in some species
        
        Vascular tissue
        
        Xylem #
        
        Tracheids
        
        Water transport
        
        Phloem
        
        Sieve tube element/ sieve cells
        
        Companion cells/ albuminous cells
        
        Photosynthate transport
        
        In veins