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What Does Life Need? - Coggle Diagram
What Does Life Need?
Enzymes
Enzymes are molecules (typically proteins) that speed up the rate of chemical reactions within cells.
Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Some enzymes help break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body.
Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule.
Enzymes are highly selective catalysts (each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction)
The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates.
The substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called the active site.
Induced fit- the enzyme and substrate do not fit exactly but in a more fluid way where the active site adjusts.
The substrate is attracted to its enzyme because of charges. (pos. charge of substrate attracts to neg. of enzyme)
When the active site gets exposed to extreme heat, it denatures or goes out of shape and becomes inert.
Two conditions that affect enzyme function are pH level and temperature.
Enzymes aid in digestion, metabolism, etc.
Biomolecules
Proteins
Monomer: Amino Acid, Bond: Polypeptide Bond
Also called Peptides (dipeptide, polypeptide)
Proteins are the workers of the cell
They serve many functions: structure, signaling, transporting molecules, sensory mechanisms, gene expression
Amino group, Carboxylic Acid group, Alpha Carbon, R Side Chain that varies between different amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotide, Bond: Phosphodiester
Nucleotides build DNA and RNA, two very important molecules
Store information that is eventually converted into proteins
Adenosine triphosphate = ADP, Adenine (nucleotide), three phosphates, one pentose (sugar base)
ATP is converted to ADP to provide energy for many chemical reactions
Phosphorylation occurs by adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy
Carbohydrates
Monomer: Monosaccharide, Bond: Glycosidic Bond
Also called saccharides (monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide)
Can be broken down quickly for immediate energy use
Can be joined together to create a macromolecule for longer term energy storage
Elements: Ratio of 1 carbon to 2 hydrogens to 1 oxygen.
Lipids
Monomers: Glycerol, Fatty Acids
They store long-term energy
Elements: Hydrogens, carbons, and oxygen.
(3 Glycerols + 3 Fatty Acids) - 3 Water Molecules = Triglyceride
Glycerol, Saturated Fatty Acid (bad) single bonds, Unsaturated Fatty Acid (good) double bond between 2 carbons
Reactions
Hydrolysis- H2O molecule added to break apart biomolecules
Catabolic Reaction- Digestion of macromolecules/ breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones
Dehydration Synthesis- one OH and one H, H2O removed to form biomolecules
Anabolic Reaction- create more complex molecules from the smaller monomers
Central Dogma
The ‘Central Dogma’ is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product.
Gene Expression: 2 stages- Transcription and Translation
DNA gets made into (transcribed)🡪 RNA gets made into(translated) 🡪 Protein
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Cell membrane, DNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell Walls
Smaller in size (0.1 to 5.0 micrometers)
Single-Celled organisms
Eg. Bacteria, Archeae
Eukaryotic Cells
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Cell membrane, DNA, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Membrane-bound organelles, Nucleus
Bigger in size (10-100 micrometers)
Eg. Fungi, Protists, Plants, Animals
Natural Selection and Homeostasis
Natural selection is passing on beneficial genetic changes to help survival through reproduction.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal body while adjusting to the external conditions.
Extremophiles
Can withstand environments intensely hot, cold, salty, acidic, alkaline, pressurized, dry, radioactive, or barren.