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12 PATHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Post-surgical Hypoparathyroidism
      - Familial hypoparathyroidism
      - Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism
    - - Tetany : Perioral-distal extremities paresthesia,
      - Treatment = Calcium replacement, PTH
        replacement
  - - - 1 – 2% of population
        Female > male
      - Adenoma (80-85%)
      - Hyperplasia (15%)
      - Asymptomatic (80%)
      - Bone pain
- - - - Etiology
        
        Primary AI
        
        Secondary AI
      - Management
        
        Glucocorticoid replacement :
        Hydrocortisone,Prednisolone PO
        
        Mineralocorticoid replacement : Fludrocortisone
  - - - Primary aldosteronism
        
        Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) - 30%
      - Suspected Primary Aldosteronism (PA)
      - Investigation
        
        Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC)
      - Treatments
        
        Surgery
        
        Medication
    - - Tumor of adrenal chromaffin cells
      - Treatments
        
        Surgery
        
        Medication
- - - - Type 1 diabetes
      - Type 2 diabetes
      - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
      - Specific types of diabetes due to other causes
- - - - ACTH
      - TSH
      - FSH
    - - ADH
      - Oxytocin
  - - - Congenital / Genetic
      - (Acquired
    - - Diabetes insipidus (DI) เบาจืด
        
        4 syndromes of DI
        
        Primary polydipsia : Excess intake of water
        
        Central DI : Decreased synthesis or secretion of vasopressin
        
        Nephrogenic DI : Lack of appropriate response to vasopressin by the kidney
        
        DI of pregnancy : accelerated metabolism of vasopressin
  - - - Cushing's syndrome = Cortisol excess, regardless of the cause.
      - Cushing's disease is reserved for
        Cushing's syndrome.
    - - Screening test
        
        IGF-1 Level
      - Confirmation test
        
        GH suppression test
    - - อาการ
        
        Headaches
        
        Visual acuity / field impairment
        
        Cranial nerve palsies
- - - - Extrathyroidal
        
        Graves’ dermopathy /
        Pretibial myxedema
        
        Thyroid acropachy
        
        Graves’ ophthalmopathy
    - - Thyroiditis
        
        Acute suppurative thyroiditis
        
        Subacute painful thyroiditis
        (de Quatrain thyroiditis)
        
        Chronic thyroiditis
        
        Painless, Silent or subacute
        lymphocytic thyroiditis
    - - Hashimoto thyroiditis
      - Cretinism
      - CAUSES
        
        Autoimmune hypothyroidism
        
        Autoimmune hypothyroidism
        
        Infiltrative disease
        
        Congenital hypothyroid
        
        Iodine deficiency
        
        Drug induced hypothyroid