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Vascularization - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Initial constraints
        
        High global temp
        
        low stromal density
        
        Increase permits cooling
        
        Low capacity for water uptake prior to root evolution
        
        Lack of vascular transport in leaves
        
        Burn up leaf, vascular embolism
        
        Evidence
        
        polyphyletic evolution (formed when two lineages convergently evolve similar character states)
        
        lycophytes
        
        euphyllophytes
        
        independent evolution
        
        convergent evolution
        
        Liverwort gametophyte
        
        Moss gametophyte
        
        Lycophyte sporophyte
        
        Monilophyte sporophyte
        
        Spermatophyte sporophyte
      - Phyllad tissues
        
        Chlorenchyma
        
        specialized parenchyma (ground tissue); contains chloroplasts; functions in photosynthesis
        
        aerenchyma
        
        specialized parenchyma (ground tissue); contains air spaces from cells being digested; functions in gas exchange; buoyancy
        
        collenchyma
        
        ground tissue; thickened primary cell wall; function in flexible support; found in bundle sheath of veins
        
        vascular tissue
        
        xylem; phloem
        
        epidermis
        
        dermal tissues; epidermal cells; guard cells; often cutinized; function in protection of internal tissue
  - - - Numerous vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
        
        Vascular bundles often surrounded by sclerenchyma
    - - epidermis -> cortex -> endodermis -> casparian strip -> pericycle -> xylem -> phloem -> pith
    - - epidermis ( adaxial or outer & abaxial or twords stem; covered by cuticle; contains stomata; bulliform cells helpful for unrolling and rolling ---> mesophyll ---> veins (surrounded by bundle sheaths)
  - - - Phloem outside xylem; bundles separated by parenchyma, supported by sclerenchyma; bundle cap
    - - epidermis -> cortex -> endodermis -> casparian strip -> pericycle -> xylem -> phloem
    - - epidermis (dermal tissue, epidermal cells, guard cells, cuticle, upper and lower) ---> mesophyll (palisade functions in photosynthesis spongy in gas exchange) ---> veins (bundle sheath cells, xylem on top phloem on bottom)
  - - - First trees
        
        lepidondrids
        
        carboniferous; vascular cambion only divided internally
        
        Archaeopteris
        
        Devonian/carboniferous
        
        reproduce via spores
        
        extant lineages
        
        lycophytes
        
        Euphyllophyte
      - Secondary growth
        
        woody plant grow in girth by producing secondary xylem (wood), and phloem (inner bark) via the vascular cambion
      - 3D division
        
        vascular cambion produces secondary xylem on inside and secondary phloem on outside
        
        cambion initials divide anticlinally to produce new initials and increase circumference of cambion; same initials also divide periclinally to produce xylem and phloem mother cells, leaving behind another initial
        
        Annular rings
        
        xylem 2ndary cell wall robust; phloem is crushed; alteration of early and late wood; ring width determined by season & environment
        
        early wood
        
        1 more item...
        
        late wood
        
        1 more item...
        
        Plant armour
        
        periderm
        
        made of
        
        3 more items...
    - - outer wood; lighter in color; functions in water transport
        
        tracheids only; little fibers; gymnosperms
    - - inner wood; darker; functions in storage; can no longer transport water
        
        vessel elements permits lots of fibers; angiosperms
- - - - tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from roots to rest of plant and provides physical support.
        
        Consists of
        
        tracheid elements (water conducting cells)
        
        Apomorphic (similar function different origin)
        
        stepwise progression
        
        Rhynia tracheids
        
        2 more items...
        
        Die at maturity
        
        to form
        
        thickened lignin walls for waterproofing/structural support
        
        Vessel elements
        
        found in angiosperms (flowering plants)
        
        long straight chain of tough dead cells.
        
        function in transportation of water from root -> stem
      - archs
        
        based on xylem maturation
        
        protoxylem
        
        1st xylem to mature
        
        usually smaller
        
        metaxylem
        
        develops later
        
        usually larger
        
        endarch
        
        protoxylem in middle (eustele) #
        
        exarch
        
        Protoxylem outside metaxylem (protostele) #
        
        mesarch
        
        protoxylem surrounded by metaxylem (siphonostele) #
    - - conducts foods made during photosynthesis to rest of plant
        
        Specialized plasmodesmata in end walls
        
        Consists of
        
        parenchyma cells
        
        Provides mechanical strength to the plant.
        
        specialized types
        
        1 more item...
        
        supportive cells
        
        Controls the activity of sieve tube.
        
        conducting cells (sieve tube elements)
        
        Transport of photosynthate, hormones, & electric signals down the plants in sieve cells
        
        key attributes
        
        specialized plasmodesmata in the end walls
        
        alignment of plastids
        
        mitochondria & ER- derived vesicles along longitudinal arrays of endoplasmic microtubules
        
        breakdown of tonoplast
  - - - layer of meristematic cells (or initials) that arises between primary xylem and phloem.
        
        Responsible for
        
        Generating the phloem and xylem of the vascular system
        
        Xylem is on inside, phloem is on outside
      - 2 stem cell types/ initials #
        
        ray
        
        makes ray cells & interfascicular cambion
        
        radial cells
        
        fusiform
        
        makes xylem & phloem & vascular cambion
        
        longitudinal cells
    - - Periclinal
        
        More xylem & phloem
      - Anticlinal
        
        Wider circle of vascular cambium
  - - - 3 types
        
        Siphonostele (-407MYA)
        
        ring on phloem, xylem, surrounding pith
        
        Eustele (-390MYA)
        
        most complex; strands of phloem & xylem separated by parenchyma; progymnosperms
        
        protostele (-420MYA)
        
        Earliest; solid vascular strand; phloem surrounds xylem
- - - - Companion cells
      - sieve tube elements
    - - albuminous cells
      - sieve cells
      - Fibers
      - parenchyma
  - - - Vessel elements
    - - tracheid's
      - small amount of parenchyma cells (mostly in form of rays)
- - - - Tracheid's
      - vessel elements
      - Parenchyma cells
  - - - Sieve tubes
        
        thin-walled cells alive at maturity; the protoplast is greatly changed; they generally lack nuclei and have few organelles
        
        very long/have horizontal end walls containing sieve plates
        
        Sieve plates (located on end wall) contains sieve pores which regulate the size of the openings in the plates with changes in the surroundings of the plants.
        
        Mature sieve elements contain structural phloem specific proteins (P-proteins), mitochondria, ER, forisomes (legumes and plug pores) and sieve elements plastids.
        
        Contains callose & callose plugs
        
        plasmodesmata connections
        
        gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells / located on cell wall
      - parenchyma
        
        called transfer cells/border parenchyma cells, located near the finest branches and terminations of sieve tubes in leaf veinlets, where they function in transport of foods.
      - fibers
        
        Phloem (bast fibers) are flexible long sclerenchyma cells that make up the soft fibers (e.g., flax and hemp) of commerce. These provide flexible tensile strength to the phloem tissues.
        
        generally absent in the primary phloem, are found in the secondary phloem; elongated, unbranched and have pointed, needle like apices.
      - companion cells #
        
        support sieve elements by carrying out cell metabolism and regulation. Companion cells have a dense cytoplasm, abundant organelles, vacuoles, and large nuclei; they load and upload metabolites into the cavity of sieve elements.
- - - - Annual thickening;cooksonia genus
  - - - Synapomorphy
        
        vasculature is common to all tracheophytes; cell types vary; diverse vascular architecture
      - Early tracheids
        
        True tracheid's
        
        Pine tracheid's
        
        lycophytes
        
        Bryophyte's
        
        three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
        
        2 more items...
        
        Ferns
        
        1 more item...
        
        early vascular group; during carboniferous era
        
        protostele; exarch
        
        water transport/structural support
        
        torus-Margo pit membrane (prevents cavitation) 60x more permeable to water
        
        lignified w ornamented walls (banded or pitted)
        
        tapered at ends and narrow
        
        water transport/structural support
        
        water transport only; lignified
- - - - rhizoids
        
        uni-multicellular projections; anchorage; some w mineral uptake; genes predate land plants and play a role in root hair development
        
        Rhizomorphs
        
        dichotomous rooting system in extinct lepidodendrales; lateral stigmarian rootlets similar to roots but no chlorophyl, stomata, or root cap
        
        shoot turned root
        
        early roots had no hair, intact epidermis covered root tip, anticlinal divisions only, independent evolution of epidermis and root cap
    - - primary
        
        derived from radicle; main root
      - lateral roots
        
        adventitious root; derived from stems and leaves
        
        seminal roots; derived from mesocotyl