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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LIBERALISM, image, image, image, image, image,…
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
CRITICISM OF THE OLD REGIME
Political theories
Developed reforms
To guarantee individual rights
To moderate the power of kings
Enlightened thinkers
Formulated more radical criticism
Led to liberalism
Liberals
Developed a radical opposition to
The Old Regime
The feudal system of their time
Characterised by
Political absolutism
The estate system
A mainly agricultural economy
Based on the primary sector
Criticised
The legal inequality of the estate system
The absence of equality
Between all people before the law
Society was divided
Privileged social groups
Nobles and clerics
The rest of the population
Commoners or third estate
Peasants, artisans, shopkeepers, etc.
The survival of a feudal economy
There was great commercial and market growth
During previous centuries
Liberals criticised
Obstacles to development
Caused by fiefdoms
Privileged corporations
Guilds
Goods
That couldn't be sold or bought
Trade restrictions
Price controls
The power of absolute monarchs and the Church
Individual rights and freedom of expression
Were limited by
The power of the monarchies
The privileges of the Chruch
Their ability to influence laws
The survival of manorialism in the fiefdoms of the nobility and the Church
Inhabitants of fiefdoms had to
Work for their lords
Pay taxes
Be subject of their laws
Serfs and subjects
Serfs
Were required to serve a lord
Inhabitants of a fiefdom
Where they lived under manorialism
Subjects
Owed obedience and loyalty
To their king
Inhabitants of the kingdom
Regardless of their class
Mercantilism and physiocracy
Mercantilism
The more precious metals
A kingdom owned
The more powerful
Craft exports
Were encouraged
Imports
Were limited
By tariffs
To acumulate currency
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Physiocracy
Agriculture
Should be the main source of wealth
François Quesnay
IDEAS OF POLITICAL LIBERALISM
Equality of people before the law
Abolition of
All priviledges
Fiefdoms
Manoralism
The whole estate system
Everyone should be
Including the king
Subject to the same laws
Regardless of their social origin
The existence of unalienable individual rights
These rights
Can't be taken away
This idea
Was inspired by the work
Of John Locke
Ment that human beings
Naturally possessed
The right to live
Liberty
Property
Implied the establishment
Of freedoms
Regarding issues and areas
Press, printing, education and assembly
The right to inform, publish, teach and assemble
The division of powers
Followed Montesquieu's theories
Liberals argued that
Power had to be moderated
By individual rights
By division into three powers
The executive
Exercised by the government
The legislative
Exercised by parliament
The judicial
In the hands of the courts
There should be
A separation between
The Church and the state
To prevent religious interference
In civil society
Sovereignty resides in the nation
Based on
The parliamentary political tradition
The teachings of Rousseau
The liberals advocated
That the people should govern themselves
Through their representatives in Parliament
These should be elected
By suffrage (voting)
They proposed
A representative political power
The triumph of these principles
Would mean that people
Would no longer be
Serfs and subjects
Would become citizens
Who are individuals
Who enjoy all the rights and duties
Established by law
Moderate and radical liberals
Moderate liberals
Wanted to keep
The king and official religion
But believed their power
Should be subject to the law
Reserved part of
The executive and legislative power
From the king
Limited the right of election
Through censitary suffrage
Restricted the right to vote
For the wealthiest only
Monarchists
Radical liberals
Democrats
Advocated universal suffrage
Understood they should guarantee
Broad freedoms
The suppression of the role
Of religion in any area
Of public civil life
Teaching, politics, laws, etc.
Some Republicans
IDEAS OF ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Advocated
Individual property
Greater freedom to trade
Adam Smith
Developed a theory
Called economic liberalism
Main work
The Wealth of Nations
Economic liberalism
It defended
The freedom of the individual
To produce and buy
Within a free market
To own private property
Faced with restrictions imposed by
Privileges
Assets
That couldn't be sold
Price controls
Commercial regulations
Theories
Mercantilism and physiocracy
The liberals
Believed that
The role of public power
Should be reduced
To mediating in economic relationships
The state
Shouldn't intervene
The law of supply and demand
In a free market
Would determine
What to produce
How much to produce
At what price
