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INDIA-NEPAL image by Atrishekhar, Geo-CULTURAL, CONNECTIVITY image,…

- - - - Britain–India–Nepal Tripartite Agreement 1947
      - When India got freedom, these regiments were divided between the British and Indian
        armies
      - British India raised the first battalion of the Gurkha Regiment as the Nasiri regiment 1815.
    - - share Open Borders under treaty of peace and friendship
      - The treaty talks about the reciprocal treatment of Indian and Nepali citizens in the two countries, in residence, property, business and movement.
      - It also establishes national treatment for both Indian and Nepalese businesses (i.e., once imported, foreign goods would be treated no differently than domestic goods).
      - It also gives Nepal access to weaponry from India.
  - - - The seventh edition of the annual coordination talks between the two countries is led by India's Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) director general Rashmi Shukla and the visiting inspector general of the Armed Police Force (APF) of Nepal, Raju Aryal.
        
        The 'focus' of the meeting shall be on the development of effective mechanisms to collaboratively combat trans-border crimes and facilitate the prompt exchange of critical information between the forces
        
        The SSB is a central armed police force under the Union Home Ministry and it is tasked to guard the 1,751 km India-Nepal open international border.
        
        These annual talks have been held alternatively in India and Nepal since 2012.
      - Nepal and India recently agreed to reduce the height of the proposed Saptakoshi High Dam amid concerns in Nepal over the potential inundation of a large swathe of land upstream of the dam.
        
        Saptakoshi High Dam
        
        It is a multipurpose project proposed to be constructed on the Saptakoshi River of Nepal (known as Koshi River in India).
        
        The project is primarily aimed at controlling floods in southeast Nepal and northern Bihar and generating hydropower.
        
        It is a bilateral project of the Indian and Nepalese governments under the Koshi agreement.
        
        The Koshi River, also known as the "Saptakoshi" in Nepal, is a trans-boundary river that flows through India and Nepal.
        
        It is the largest river basin in Nepal.
        
        It is one of the biggest tributaries of the Ganga.
  - - - manufacturing, services (banking, insurance, dry port, education and telecom), power sector and tourism
    - - The Arun IV project will be jointly built on the Arun River in Nepal's east by India's Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) Ltd (SJVN.NS) and Nepal's state-owned Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) owing 51% and 49% of equity respectively,
- - - - Madhesis are people living in South of Nepal in the region of Terai. They are people living close to the border of India.
      - The Madhesis have always been discriminated against by Pahadis or the people living in the upper reaches of Nepal.
      - In fact, the discrimination against Madhesis at one point of time, was so intense by Pahadis that if a Madhesi citizen wanted to visit Kathmandu, they had to apply for a permit.
      - The Madhesis, through their representation, demanded rights in the new constitution.
  - - - Under section 5 the treaty Nepal renounced its claims on the region west of river kali. Thus, river Kali
        became boundary between India and Nepal.
      - approximately 1800-kilometre international open border
      - managed under the bilateral Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950).
      - 1981, both the governments had agreed to set up the India Nepal Border Joint Technical Committee to re-demarcate the
        boundary pillars.
      - They also established The Nepal-India Joint Border Inspection
        Mechanism
      - in 1981 and the Nepal-India Joint Border
        Management Committee in 1997 to manage borders.
    - - Origin to the boundary dispute
        
        The main issue related to the border management between India and Nepal is that the borders have been demarcated on the basis of a flowing river.
        
        The problem is that the rivers shift their courses over a period of time. This impacts the border which gets affected due to shifting rivers.
        
        Nepal considers the source of Kali river near Limpiyadhura, which is higher in altitude than the rest of the river’s flow. Thus, all the three areas Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani are considered to the east of the river Kali.
        
        As per the treaty, Kali River is designated as the western part of the boundary. In between the two streams of the Kali River lies Kalapani.
        
        The issue arises as the segments to the West of Kalapani of Kali River are claimed by Nepal while India claims segments to the East of Kalapani of Kali river area, thereby making a claim to entire Kalapani.
        
        In the 1962 Indo–China war, Kalapani was occupied by Indian forces and India considers it strategically important.
    - - Over 269 border demarcation pillars have been found missing.
      - Authorities are forming teams involving local administration, forest department, irrigation department, and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) personnel to address the encroachments and reclaim the no man's land.
    - - Susta in Bihar is on the banks of River Gandak. The changing course of River Gandak often created issue between two countries.
    - - The Lipulekh pass is a far western point near Kalapani, a disputed border area between Nepal and India
      - There is Protest against the construction of a key road connecting the Lipulekh pass with Dharchula in Uttarakhand.
      - 80-Km new road inaugurated is expected to help pilgrims visiting Kailash-Mansarovar in Tibet in China as it is around 90 kms from the Lipulekh pass.
- - - - The relation between India and Nepal goes back to the times of rule of the Sakya clan and Gautama Buddha. Initially, Nepal was under tribal rule and only with the coming of Licchavi rule in Nepal did its feudal era truly begin.
      - From 750 to 1750 AD period saw a shift from Buddhism to Hinduism in Nepal and witnessed widespread cultural diffusion.
      - The early 1700s witnessed a change in the Nepalese power structure. The subsequent period witnesses both monarchical and prime ministerial rule. There established a dynastic rule for the Prime Minister, known as the “Rana”.
      - The Rana rule took hold and continued in Nepal till 1951.
      - In the 1920s, as the Indian freedom struggle progressed, many educated Nepalese people came to India and partook in the struggle. This gave the Nepalese elite an insight into nonviolent struggle.
      - The Nepali elite subsequently launched a movement in Nepal and succeeded in ousting the Rana rule.
      - The most instrumental role in this movement was played by the Nepali Congress (NC).
      - In 1951, after the ousting of the Rana rule, the monarchy continued to dominate Nepalese politics. Nepali Congress party won and the NC struggle to control Nepal.
      - In 1959, King declared NC as corrupt, removed it from power and subsequently installed a party-less Panchayat system.
      - In 1994, the Unified Marxist Leninist Party (UML) tried to generate an anti-India feeling in Nepal. The UML began to assert that the NC is in reality controlled by Congress party of India. This led to a perception amongst the Nepali people about India’s control and interference over Nepal and its internal affairs through the NC.
      - The anti-India plan worked in favour of UML and they succeeded in capturing power for a short period of 9 months in Nepal.
      - The UML was removed and the NC assumed power again in 1994. The subsequent period not only saw civil unrest.
      - The civil unrest, over a period of time, evolved into civil uprising and took an ideological turn to Maoism. The Maoist movement in Nepal became fully manifested by 2005.
      - An interim constitution was prepared in 2007.
      - Nepal would establish the new constitution by 2010. However, by 2010, the constitution was not ready but delayed.
      - After tremendous delays, Nepal finally accepted a constitution in September 2015.
      - India was also blamed for an “unofficial blockade” in the Madhesis issue, this generated widespread resentment against the country.
      - The politicians in Nepal exploited Nepali Nationalism and anti-Indianism successfully.
      - China seized the opportunity- In the past, China maintained a link with the Palace and its concerns were primarily related to keeping tabs on the Tibetan refugee community.
      - Now, that the monarchy is abolished, China has shifted its attention to the political parties, as well as institutions like the Army and Armed Police Force.
      - Today, China’s foreign policy is more assertive and China considers Nepal as an important element in its ever expanding footprint.
- - - - time-bound progress on the Pancheshwar multipurpose project, which aims to enhance cooperation in harnessing the shared water resources of the Mahakali River.
      - India set a target of importing 10,000 MW of electricity from Nepal.
      - (MoUs) were signed between National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), India and Vidyut Utpadan Company Ltd, Nepal for the development of the Phukot Karnali Hydroelectric Project and the Lower Arun Hydroelectric Project.
    - - extend South Asia’s first cross-border petroleum pipeline from Motihari in India to Amlekhgunj in Nepal by another 69 km up to Chitwan in Nepal.
    - - Nepal to join the India-led International Solar Alliance.