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The family - Coggle Diagram
The family
Family diversity
different family types
Bean pole family: Brannon 2003
Increase due to female independence led to a declining birth rate One child and one-two members in each generation
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Extended family:
includes members beyond the nuclear, vertically or horizontally
Chamberlain
Ethnic minorities live in extended families as an act of resistance and building a community
Parsons A03
The classic extended families are not similar to modern ones as its no longer based on the obligations of providing food, education and care.
Post geographical mobility and structural differentiation extended families are more about support
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Finch and Mason on reciprocity
- Many people feel an obligation to help their extended kin
- 90% of their sample received financial help and 50% cared for "sick and elderly" kin
- more expected of females over males
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same sex family: where the couples are of the same sex
Weeks, Heaphey and Donavan 1999
same sex couples are more likely to be official, led to an increase in chosen families as people connect with their communities
reconstituted families: also known as blended families, made up of 2 partners who both have children from a previous relationship [1 non biological parent]
the nuclear family, the conventional family type with a heterosexual married couple with biological children
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Leach 1967
Cereal packet family, idolised in the media
Oakely, Leach, Thorne
representation of cereal packet families is misleading portrays the family as stable and rewarding
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Thorne 1992
generation, race and class all lead to different, diverging experiences of the family
Parsons warm bath
the nuclear family should be a warm bath as it deals with the frustration of work and is a safe environment
Leach
Too much privatisation has led to the breakdown of the nuclear family (to loan parent) as there is no mediation and too much conflict. Lack of connection with wider kin
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family statistics
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28.1million households and 19.3million families, rise in cohabitation, single person families
alternative family types
Nayar tribe - Kathleen Gough 1959
- Prominent in 9th century india
- women would have up to 12 sexual partners and were kept as a concubine by British soliders
- lived in the extended family with no marriage, brother provided for her offspring
Tchambuli Tribe
- 19th century New Guinea
- men held the expressive role and cared for the family, dressed femininely
- the women worked manual labour
Kibbutz
- Still exists in Israel
- members live communally and share resources and domestic responsibilities
- children are raised separately from parents
- all businesses are collectively owned
Rappaport & Rappaport
We have moved away from the traditional nuclear family as Britain has become pluralistic with greater freedom of choice
Life stage diversity
depend on the stage reached in the life cycle, ie students may go from nuclear to one person
Organisational diversity
this refers to differences in family roles
ie joint conjugal vs segregated roles
Generational diversity
attitudes vary between generations and historical periods, elders tend to be more socially conservative
Social class diversity
different classes have different house rearing practices and this impacts on the way children are socialised
ie working class families tend to have harsher discipline
Cultural diversity
different cultural (religion/ethnicity) impacts structure, ie arranged marriages are more acceptable in Asian families
Bhatti
In depth interviews of south Asian families,
- principle of "Izzat" - honour
- traditional gender roles
- strong connections of kinship
A03
Madood
Younger generations were rebelling against traditional gender norms and marrying outside their culture
Chamberlain 1999
Fictive Kin, afro-carribean support networks in the community
sisters uncles and aunts play an important role in raising children
A03
Reynolds 2002
despite large number of female headed black households are characterised by diversity, visiting relationships, nuclear etc
Allan and Crow on reasons for diversity 2001
- Divorce causes a rise in loan parent families (caused by legal changes, feminism etc)
- Births outside of marriage create supposed single parent households
- secularisation has normalised cohabitation
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Marxism
Engles
Primitive communism: no private ownership and communal families, no restrictions
Ancient society introduced pharaohs the feudal system to organise civilisations with a need for labour
Growth of production forces led to the ownership of private property and so the monogamous nuclear family allocated inheritance
World historical defeat of the female sex
nuclear family was necessary to control women and ensure paternity for inheritance
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Function 3: The family as a safe-haven
Zaretsky 1976
the family offers a release from the exploitative world of capitalism
- capitalism creates frustration through its exploitation
- this needs to be suppressed in order to prevent revolution
- the family provides a safety valve
Function 1: Inheritance Engles
- the means of production shape society as power lies with who controls the productive forces
- Bourgeoise believed passing on their wealth was their divine right and therefore their right to pass it down*
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Function 2: Ideology
A set of beliefs that justify inequality and maintain the capitalist system persuading people to accept it
Althusser Neo-Marxist
The family is part of the ideological state apparatus, socialising values that promote capitalism maintains false class consciousness
The family uphold capitalism
Cultural deprivation:
- respect the authority and engage in a passive hierarchy
- want to provide for family in order to engage in consumerism (economically active + skilled workers)
- try and achieve middle class habitus
A03
Foucault - Surveillance in the family
in a post modern society the pressure to conform to social norms are internalised leading to self-surveillance
Henderson
Norms about family life being presented in the media has led to mothers self survalliance
Function 4: Consumption
- capitalism makes you sell your labour to the market in order to consume to provide for your family
capitalism extracts the surplus value by stimulating the economy and this generated profit
the family provides dependent bodies to prevent strike
Feminism
Liberal feminism
Aim to change the socialisation and parenting practices to establish rights march of progress feminism
Walby 1990
6 ways the patriarchy controls women
- domestic labour segregated conjugal roles lead women to doing unbalanced labour and they are unable to invest in employment
- paid work women find it more difficult to succeed in the work place
- the state government is dominated by men and promote the nuclear family, forces conformity
- physical violence women experience highest domestic abuse rates and fear of harassment prevents them from going out
- sexuality double standards control women's sexuality (frigid vs slut)
- media women are seen as objects
Anne Oakley on socialisation
cannilisation the small and steady socialisation into gender ideologies during childhood
manipulation parents encourage behaviour on the bases of gender based appropriateness
Laws showing progress:
Equal Pay act 1970
Divorce dissolution and separation act 2020
Sex discrimination act 1975
Equality act 2010
Wilkinson & Explaining gender progress
Over the last 50 years, women have had more opportunity to work due to
- Feminisation of the work force
72% of women are in the workforce and 76% of them have dependents
- The gender quake
Rise of single parent families etc has led to changes in socialisation leading to positive female role models
A03
Is this view Eurocentric
- The gender pay gap sees women being paid on average 15.4% then men
- female representation in the HoC is only 35%
- Government policy to share maternity leave, 60% were eligible and take up was between 2-%
A03
Oakley and the myth of the symmetrical family
family is still unequal and women perform most childcare and domestic roles
Marxist Feminism
female oppression in the family is a consequence of capitalism and serves it in 3 ways
1.Women reproduce the labour force
- socialise children with capitalistic values and provide a safe environment to reproduce
- Women absorb anger
anger created by frustration of exploitation makes women targets
Benslenn - "women are slaves to the wage slaves"
ansley 1972 women are takers of shit
delphy and leonard the family acts as a safety valve to soothe tension
- Women are an easy reserve of cheap labour
Women make it easy for men to go to work as they take care of the home, can be paid less for doing the same job and women are called into work in times of war etc
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Difference Feminism
We cannot generalise about the experiences of women, intersectional feminism
Patricia Hill Collins 2017
Black feminism is necessary as black women experience the patriarchy differently, seen as matriarchs and sexually promiscuous, welfare scroungers
concrete ceiling
Amos and Parmar 1984
ethnicity changes the nature of the family hence the experience. Asian families are extended
Division of Labour
Knudsen and Waerness
--> comparative study of women and men's housework in 34 countries
Women perform 3/3 of all domestic work in the world
Parsons 1955
- Instrumental role: men take on paid employment as a breadwinner
expressive role- women take a natural caregiving role
Women are biologically caregivers
Young and Wilmott 1973
researched a couple in Bethnal green in the 1950s
They conformed to traditional gender roles and had separate leisure activities
- Changes in the status of women, more women are entering the labour market and are not restricted to the domestic sphere
- Geographical mobility, couples have to rely on each other as they have fewer long term friends and live in new communities
- New technology and labour saving devices, new tech is making house work easier so men find it less onerous
- higher standards of living, more educated and less belief in biological differences
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Gendered housework
Warde and Hetherington 1993
Women are 30 times more likely to be the last one that washed the dishes and the husband was 4 times more likely to have been the last person who washed the car
Oakley 1974
men only help woth the pleasurable aspects of childcare
- only 15% had a high level of active housework and only 25% in childcare
Conjugal Roles
Bott 1957
a) segregated conjugal roles: clearly defined by an instrumental and an expressive
b) joint conjugal roles: both men and women play an active role in paid employment and domestic roles within the home
Networks ten to conform to conjugal roles when they are intermeshed, families with geographical mobility are more loose with their networks. They tend to be dual earners
Hochschild 1990
Women are often required to take on emotion work they have to manage emotions in the family
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Delphy and Leonard
Women act as a safety valve in releasing and managing tensions within the family to create a sense of belonging
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Cultural and ideological explanations Crompton and Lyonette
The division of labour is determined by patriachal norms and values that shape gender roles in our culture
Dunne 1999
Lesbian couples have less gender scripts, creates an egalitarian family
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Material Explanations Crompton and Lyonette
Women generally earn less than men which means its economically rational for women to do more housework and childcare while men spend more time and money working
Kan
For every £10,000 earnt extra, men do 2 hours less housework
Sullivan
Working full time rather than part time made the biggest difference to housework responsibilities
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Bryan and Sanz
Housework affects wages, reduces energy + flexibility that can be brought to a job
Ramos
When a women is a breadwinner and the man is unemployed, a man does more domestic work
Power relationships
Money management
Pahl and Vogler
- Allowance system
male primary breadwinners provide an allowance to the women who uses it to budget
- pooling
both partners are contributing to the financial needs of the family``,
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Decision making
Pahl and Vogler
In most families, the man makes the most important decisions
Edgell
Study of professional couples
- Very important decisions: as the highest paid earner, men make the instrumental decisions
- Important decisions
jointly made with partners
- Less important decisions
Women, as primary carers, are responsible for insignificant roles
Compton and Lynnette
Evidence of ideological and material gender inequality that renders the home as the women’s space so they have more control
Darkside of the family
Statistics
40% of all homeless women were domestically abused, Shelter 2000
March 2020- ONS 1.6millio women experience DV
Walby 2004 3 women commit suicide every week because of DV
- CASEY BRITTLE was murdered by her boyfriend in 2011, there had been 13 reports made to the police and he had a restraining order
Coleman eat al (2007)
2 women are killed on average, women are more likely to be victims of SV
- Yearnshire
35 assaults on averge happen before it is reported ot the police
- Cheal
family is private so peopel don’ rewport it, the emdia presents a positive light of the family so they feel ashamed to report it
A03 Post covid
only 1/100 rape cases reported to the police resulted in a charge the same year (rape crises centre 2022)
Feminist explanations
Walby and Allen (2004)
Found that women were more likely to be victims of multiple incidents of abuse
Anasafa and Hindin (2011)
Women suffered more severe sexual violence and conyrol hat had more psycholgical impacts, more likely to be fearful of their parteners
Fiona Brookman (2008)
The nature of masculinity is to be blamed, cuture of masculninity values control over others so that men resort to violence if they feel they are loosing control
Radical feminism
Dobbash and Dobbash (2007)
Marriage legitimises violence by countering power and authority to men + dependency to women
Research police records in Soctland with refuges, domstic viokence is often an escalation for a man feeling as if their power is threatened
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Erin Pizzey (1974)
Men use violence to control women and it is widely tolerated often
Not seen as a serious crime, women end up being seen as property for men
Ganely and Schechter
Male violence is a result of women’s inequality in society, violence is used to maintain power by ganing control of partner’ thoughts actions and feelings
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Materialist explanations
Wilkinson & Pickett (2010)
DV is the result of stress caused by social inequality, worries about money and housing or in other words material factors and a lack of leisure time restricts social circles and reduces support networks
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Late modernist explanations
Giddens (2006) ‘emotional intensity and personal intimacy
In modern families couples are charged with strong emotions, leads to a blur between hate and love,
The incerasing isolation of the nuclear family increases this intensity
Child abuse
- 1/5 children were severely maltreated during childhood NSPCC 2011
- Victoria Climbe, died in 2000 died after months of abuse and neglect. She had been treated in A&E over head injuries but social services did not follow up concerns (prompted Labour’s Green paper Every child matters in 2003 aiming to ensure that children are healthy and safe
- NSPCC have helped over 4million children since 1986 launch
Social policy
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two types of family policy
- aimed at supporting the family
- helping parents balance employment and family responsibilities
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New Labour 2007-2010
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2008 Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission
New powers to make the non resident parent to pay towards the dependence
Land
Social policies assume ideals of patriarchal nuclear family and traditional gender roles
social policies reinforce nuclear family and this creates a self fulfilling prophecy
Drew - Gender regimes
- Familistic gender regimes - based on traditional gender roles of a female carer
- individualistic gender regimes - based on marital equity
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Donzelot on policing the family
Sees the family as a form of state power, professionals of families. social workers and doctors poor children are targeted for surveillance, there seen as a problem
Condry
compulsory parenting orders forcing parents to learn the "correct way" of parenting. "professional knowledge" is labelled as caring
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