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MATERIAL & IMMATERIAL CULTURE, Cultural heritage vs. heritage…
MATERIAL & IMMATERIAL CULTURE
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
CULTURE has a centrale place in the interpretation of social phenomena
Considered a central element of society
Culture is made up by ordered system of symbols
the symbols embody pattern of meanings that are transmitted, thanks to this symbolic forms men communicate, develop and transmit their knowledge.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
MATERIAL CULTURE
privileges visibile aspects, such as artifact and tools
From material objects → immaterial meanings that represent something that goes beyond practical utility
study of a culture starting form tangible materials elements
4 ELEMENTS
VALUES
→ it's not the object, but it's a principle, on it we approve or not a certain way of acting or thinking (related to a normative dimension)
vary geographically and historically, their are a signals of a problem in the society that the norm tries to solve
NORMS
→ more specific than values, necessary in order to apply a value (Ex: Honesty)
Are imperative and must be reinforced by external control of behaviour
BELIEFS
→ very wide category, are expressed by individuals and groups, beliefs are based on facts or on acts of faith.
Factual beliefs: things that are known, people are aware of a fact
Representational beliefs: are what we call beliefs, opinions and people are conscious of accepting a certain representation
SYMBOLS
→ defined as a sign both conventional (mathematicians) and analog, evokes a relationship between object and idea (scepter)
Language a system of signs to express ideas (like writing, sign language, rites)
Symbols have a character common to a social group, they represent a knowledge that people can express (but without developing reasoning)
Cultural heritage vs. heritage community
Cultural h. → resources from the past that people identify as an expression of their values, beliefs, knowledge and traditions
H. community → people who value some particular aspect of cultural heritage which they wish to transmit to future generations
Giù i monumenti: when our gaze changes orientation due to new facts or events, peole feel the urge to destroy and remove some symbols → statues, as their presence is considered too painful
TSAR ALEXANDER II
SADDAM HUSSEIN IN IRAQ
Musée des Monuments Francais (1793) to preserve public heritage from destruction → in the museum the same statue that would be knocked down acquires a different value.
LENIN in MAIDAN SQUARE
These symbols serve to distinguish what we are/were (history) and what we are becoming (present)
Stumbling blocks in Germany to remember the citizen deported to Nazi extermination camps
ROBERT EDWAR LEE