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IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES, image, image, image, image, image, image…
IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES
Imperialism
The start of the Second Industrial Revolution
A large number of territories became controlled by European powers
The main aim of this expansion was to subject other peoples to imperial states
Causes
Industrial development
New raw materials
New consumer markets
Rivalry between industrialised countries
Supply of raw materials
Secure trade routes
Obtain political prestige
Intense population growth
Europeans left the continent
Moved to other places around the world
Canada
United States
Brazil
Argentina
Ideological and cultural factors
Europe wanted to ‘civilise’ the rest of the world
Religious missions were organised to evangelise the colonised peoples
Colonial empires in 1914
The British Empire was the most extensive
The British controlled almost a quarter of the world
Colonial territories
Imperialist expansion led to the development of colonialism
This was a system in which the mother country exploited the colonies according to its interests
Colonisation of Africa
Germany organised the Berlin West Africa Conference
Germany feared that it would miss its opportunity for colonial expansion
The British Empire wanted to establish a large belt of colonies from Egypt to Cape Town
Other powers wanted to prevent this
France already controlled the Sahara
Portugal controlled large inland areas that it had reached from the ports of its old colonial empire
France and Portugal wanted to establish corridors from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the Indian Ocean coast of Africa
Colonistaion of Asia
The Indian Peninsula was colonised by the British
Considered it ‘the jewel in the Crown’
France took control of Indochina and Great Britain of Malaysia,
Dutch replaced Portugal’s former rule over modern-day Indonesia.
China was still an independent country
Ruled by its emperor and ancient institutions
it also felt the effects of imperialist pressures
It had to cede control of its mines
Allow areas of importance for foreign trade to be divided between the colonists
Opened up ports in important coastal cities
Shanghai
Canton
The British took advantage of the Chinese authorities’
Initial tolerance of opium consumption
Smuggled the drug to make large amounts of money
to the detriment of the population’s health
The Chinese rebelled against this in the First Opium War
But were defeated by the British
The port of Hong Kong became a British royal colony.
The hegemony of the US in America
The US began numerous military interventions throughout the American continent
To defend its economic and strategic interests
Types of colonial government
Colonies
Territories where weak local power allowed mother countries to control all aspects of the country
Political
Cultural
Eonomic
Applied in many parts of Africa
Protectorates
Territories where the mother country decided not to intervene in matters of local politics
Control
Economic matters
Foreign relations
This model was used primarily in Asia
Dominions
Territories of the British Empire
Occupied almost entirely by a new population of European origin
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
Consequences of Imperialism
The way in which territories were divided
Africa
Was based on the interests of the occupying powers and not on local factors
Artificial borders were created
Dividing tribes
Ethnic groups
Colonial expansion consolidated inequalities in the global production of goods
The colonies specialised in producing cheap raw materials
The mother countries
Manufactured
Sold industrial products
Colonisation involved violence against the people
Colonisation severely altered the social structure of the indigenous populations
A new social order was imposed
Based on racial discrimination against the indigenous peoples by the colonists
Colonisation opened the door to certain advances in industrialised countries
Medicine
Law
Administration
