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What are the optimum operating conditions for enzymes?, Made of proteins,…

- - - - Transfers electrons from one molecule to another (www.sciencedirect.com, n.d.) Found in terminal oxidation, glycolysis, citric acid cycle and in the metabolism of amino acids. (www.chem.uwec.edu, n.d.)
    - - Transfers groups of atoms (www.sciencedirect.com, n.d.) Primarily found in the cytosol (SHEEHAN et al., 2001)
    - - Large molecules can break down into smaller molecules, in response to this, hydrolase enzymes utilize water as a method to break down the chemical bonds in the larger molecules to prevent this from occurring. (www.sciencedirect.com, n.d.) Present in Lysosomes (www.vedantu.com, n.d.)
    - - Lyases catalyze to break down chemical bonds in other forms besides oxidation or hydrolysis:These enzymes are also in charge of catalyzing addition-eliminating reactions. (www.sciencedirect.com, n.d.) They are present in chemical synthesis, and cellular processes like the Krebs cycle. (Tocris Bioscience, 2017)
    - - Isomers are compounds that contain the same number of atoms but different atomic arrangements, they can be interconverted by isomerases. (Martínez Cuesta, Rahman and Thornton, 2016) Present in the genomes of almsot all living things and during metabolism (Martinez Cuesta et al., 2014)
    - - binds/joins two molecules together (www.sciencedirect.com, 2019) This enzyme primarily is active during DNA replication on the lagging strand. (Study.com, 2023)
- - - - Accuracy & Precision: Determines the validity of the results
        
        Precision:
        It indicates the proximity of the measurements to one another. (Bhandari, 2021)
        The precision of a investigation is impacted by random errors
        
        Human error: (Unintentional, inevitable observations made by humans) Stopping the timer as soon as the disc lifts, the time shown on the stopwatch can be delayed depending on the person.
        
        Parallax error: The amount of hydrogen peroxide that is being added; more or less can be added depending on the observer's perspective.
        
        Environmental error: Changes in the environment can cause miscalculations when taking measurements and writing down observations. Determining the suitable temperature/conditions for the subject
        
        Accuracy:
        How close the observed measurements are to their actual value
        (Bhandari, 2021) Accuracy is affected by systematic errors
        
        Observational error: If the measurments are misread/interpreted wrong by the observer
        
        Environmental error: When collecting measurements and recording observations, changes in the environment could lead to errors. However, in systematic error, the environment can be controlled to a certain extent. By double-checking if everything is optimum for the subject.
        
        Suitable pH
        
        Suitable environment
        
        Suitable temperature
        
        Instrumental error: when the device is defective, this ultimately results in inaccurate data.
        
        Theoretical error: When the methodlogy is imprecise thus resulting in a inaccurate dataset
    - - Independent (This experimental component remains unaffected by other variables): Different amounts of hydrogen peroxide concentrations are being utilized in this experiment
      - Dependent (Is dependent on other variables): Both the efficiency and reactivity time of the catalase solution are dependent on the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide.
      - Controlled (Stays consistent and unchanging throughout the experiment): Hydrogen peroxide concentration (0%)
    - - Beakers
      - Hydrogen peroxide concentrations
      - Filter paper
      - Catalase Solution
      - Hole puncher
      - Tweezers
      - Stop watch
      - Paper towel