Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

ENERGY SnT by ATRISHEKHAR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Overal Generation Increased by 7.96 % IN 2022
        
        Nuclear Increased by 9.49 %
        
        Hydro Increased by 0.88 %
        
        Bhutan Import Reduced by 14.51 %
        
        Solar Wind & Other RES Increased by 16.07 %
        
        Thermal Increased by 7.96 %
      - Total Fossil Fuel 2,35,809MW 57.5 %
        
        Coal
        
        49.7%
        
        Lignite
        
        1.6%
        
        Gas
        
        6.1%
        
        Diesel
        
        0.1%
      - Total Non-Fossil Fuel-174,530 MW 42.5%
        
        RENEWABLE (Incl. Hydro) 167,750MW 40.7%
        
        Hydro 46,850MW 11.4 %
        
        Wind, Solar & Other RE 120,900MW 29.5 %
        
        Wind 41,930 (10.2 %)
        
        Solar 63,302 (15.1 %)
        
        BM Power/Cogen 10,210 (2.5 %)
        
        Waste to Energy 522 (0.1 %)
        
        Small Hydro Power 4,936 (1.2 %)
        
        Government of India has set the target to expand India’s renewable energy installed capacity to 500 GW by 2030.
        
        India is also targeting to reduce India’s total projected carbon emission by 1 billion tonnes by 2030, reduce the carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by less than 45% by the end of the decade, achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
        
        Nuclear 6,780MW
        
        1.7%
  - - - The 7 power plants are:
      - Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra.
      - Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station (KKNPS), Tamil Nadu
      - Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS), Gujarat.
      - (Kalpakkam) Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), Tamil Nadu.
      - Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Uttar Pradesh.
      - Kaiga Generating Station (KGS), Karnataka.
      - Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS), Rajasthan
  - - - It is Japan’s major reversal of its nuclear phase-out plan following the Fukushima crisis in 2011.
      - Fukushima accident caused by Tsunami in 2011 was the second worst nuclear accident in the history of nuclear power generation. The site is on Japan’s Pacific coast, in northeastern Fukushima prefecture about 100 km south of Sendai.
      - The Policy seeks to maximize the use of existing nuclear reactors by restarting as many of them as possible and prolonging the operating life of old reactors beyond their 60-year limit, and by developing next-generation reactors to replace them.
      - It pledges to sustain use of nuclear power into the future. Most nuclear reactors in Japan are more than 30 years old.
      - It aims to push for the development and construction of “next-generation innovative reactors” with safer features to replace about 20 reactors now set for decommissioning.
      - Nuclear energy accounts for less than 7% of Japan’s energy supply, and achieving the government’s goal of raising its share to 20-22% by fiscal 2030 will require about 27 reactors, from the current 10.
- - - - The electrostatic repulsive force among nuclei acts over larger distances than the strong force, which works exclusively over small distances. The fuel atoms must be supplied with enough kinetic energy to make them approach each other sufficiently close for the strong force to overpower the electrostatic repulsion in order to initiate fusion.
      - The electrons in an atom are stripped away when it is heated over its ionisation energy, leaving only the nucleus. As a result, a plasma is formed, which is a heated cloud of ions with free electrons that were previously bound to them. Plasmas are both electrically and magnetically controlled because the charges are separated
      - All the fuels explored for fusion power were light elements such as hydrogen isotopes protium, deuterium, and tritium
      - The deuterium and helium-3 reaction necessitates the use of helium-3, an isotope of helium that is so rare on Earth that it will have to be mined from space or created through other nuclear processes
        
        Researchers want to employ the protium/boron-11 reaction in the future because it does not yield neutrons directly, but side reactions can.
    - - The temperature must be hot enough to allow the ions of deuterium and tritium to have enough kinetic energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier and fuse together.
      - The ions must be confined with a high ion density to achieve a suitable fusion reaction rate.
      - The ions must be held together in close proximity at high temperature with a confinement time long enough to avoid cooling.
    - - Magnetic confinement fusion
        
        Magnetic confinement fusion is based on the fact that ions and electrons cannot easily travel across a magnetic field. Therefore, hot plasma can be confined by strong magnetic fields.
      - Inertial confinement fusion
        
        This approach is based on maximizing density by the rapid compression and heating of a small solid DT pellet through the use of lasers or particle beams.
- - - - Under some of the current schemes of the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), namely Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) Scheme Phase-II, PM-KUSUM, and Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Programme Phase-II, wherein government subsidy is given, it has been mandated to source solar PV cells and modules from domestic sources.
      - Further, the government made it mandatory to procure modules only from an Approved List of Manufacturers (ALMM) for projects that are connected to state/ central government grids.
    - - The Government has announced the imposition of Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on the import of solar PV cells and modules.
      - Further, it has imposed a 40% duty on the import of modules and a 25% duty on the import of cells.
      - Basic custom duty is the duty imposed on the value of the goods at a specific rate.
    - - The Scheme has provisions for supporting the setting up of integrated manufacturing units of high-efficiency solar PV modules by providing Production Linked Incentive (PLI) on sales of such solar PV modules
    - - It's a scheme of the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology.
      - The scheme mainly provides a subsidy for capital expenditure on Pv cells and modules – 20% for investments in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and 25% in non-SEZ
  - - - This satellite will test wireless power transmission technology from space to ground, from the height of 400 km.
      - It will convert solar energy to microwaves or lasers.
      - Using the lasers, energy beams will be directed to various targets, including the moving satellites and fixed locations on the Earth.
      - Solar power plant will have the capacity of 10 kilowatts, which is enough to meet the needs of few households.
    - - China had planned to establish a solar power station of 1 megawatt capacity, in space by 2030.
- - - - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process for producing energy by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal gradients) between ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters.
        
        Two types of OTEC technologies
        
        Open cycle method
        
        where the warm surface water is pressurized in a vacuum chamber and converted to steam which runs the turbine. The steam is then condensed using cold ocean water from lower depths.
        
        Closed cycle method
        
        The vapour is turned back to fluid (condensation) by the cold water found at the depths of the ocean where it returns to the heat exchanger.
        
        where a working fluid (ammonia) is pumped through a heat exchanger for evaporation and the steam runs a turbine.
        
        India initially had planned to set up an OTEC plant way back in 1980, off the Tamil Nadu coast. However, with the foreign vendor closing down its operation, it had to be abandoned.
      - India’s OTEC Potential:
        
        As India is geographically well-placed to generate ocean thermal energy, with around 2000 kms of coast length along the South Indian coast, where a temperature difference of above 20°C is available throughout the year.
        
        The total OTEC potential around India is estimated as 180,000 MW, considering 40% of gross power for parasitic losses.
        
        Recently, the National Institute of Ocean Technology, an autonomous institute under the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) is establishing an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant with a capacity of 65 kilowatts (kW) in Kavaratti, Lakshadweep.
        
        The plant will power the one lakh liter per day low temperature thermal desalination plant, which converts seawater into potable water.
        
        The plant is the first of its kind in the world as it will generate drinking water from sea water using indigenous technology, green energy and environmentally friendly processes.
      - Oceans are huge heat reservoirs as they cover almost 70% of Earth’s surface.
      - IIT-M Ocean Wave Energy Converter
        
        Researchers in IIT Madras have developed and deployed a system called Sindhuja-I that is capable of generating electricity using energy from sea waves. It was recently deployed some 6 km from the coast of Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu, where the sea’s depth is around 20 meters.
        
        Sindhuja-I is an ocean wave energy converter that is currently capable of producing 100 watts of electricity using energy from seawaves.
        
        Its capacity is expected to be scaled up to 1 mW of energy in the next 3 years.
        
        This system has a floating buoy, a spar and an electrical module.
        
        The buoy moves up and down as the sea waves oscillate. A hole in the centre of the buoy will allow the spar to pass through it.
        
        The spar is fixed to the seafloor so that it is prevented from being moved by sea waves.
        
        This ensures that the buoy moves and the spar doesn’t. This results in the production of a relative motion between spar and buoy.
        
        The power is produced by an electric generator using the relative motion between the spar and buoy.
      - Geothermal Power in Ladakh
    - - Currently, 10% ethanol is blended into Petrol (90% Petrol, 10% ethanol), and by 2025, the government wants to quadruple this amount
      - At the India Energy Week (IEW) 2023 in Delhi, Prime Minister Narendra Modi introduced the higher 20% ethanol mixed Petrol two months before the scheduled launch in April
    - - Utilizing ethanol produced from sugarcane, broken rice, and other agricultural products will lessen the dependency of the third-largest oil user and importer nation on international imports.
      - India presently relies on imports for 85% of its oil requirements. It lowers carbon emissions as well.
      - When compared to E0, the use of E20 is thought to reduce carbon monoxide emissions by around 50% in two-wheelers and about 30% in four-wheelers (neat petrol).
      - Both two-wheelers and passenger cars are expected to have a 20% reduction in their hydrocarbon emissions.
      - In the fiscal year 2021–2022, India imported crude oil for USD 120.7 billion (April 2021 to March 2022).
      - Oil imports cost USD 125 billion in the first nine months of the current fiscal year (April 2022 to December 2022) alone
  - - - Black hydrogen – produced by the use of fossil fuel
        
        BLUE HYDROGEN - Produced from fossil fuel but carbon emitted is sequestered
      - Pink hydrogen – produced through electrolysis, but using energy from nuclear power sources.
      - Grey hydrogen – produced from natural gas.
      - Brown hydrogen is produced using coal where the emissions are released to the air.
      - Turquoise hydrogen is made using a process called methane pyrolysis to produce hydrogen and solid carbon.
        
        In the future, turquoise hydrogen may be valued as a low-emission hydrogen, dependent on the thermal process being powered with renewable energy and the carbon being permanently stored or used.
      - Yellow hydrogen is a relatively new phrase for hydrogen made through electrolysis using solar power.
      - White hydrogen is a naturally-occurring geological hydrogen found in underground deposits and created through fracking.
    - - Green hydrogen can be stored for long periods of time. The stored hydrogen can be used to produce electricity using fuel cells.
  - - - Development of green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) per annum with an associated renewable energy capacity addition of about 125 GW in the country
      - Over Rs. Eight lakh crore in total investments
      - Creation of over Six lakh jobs
      - Cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports over Rs. One lakh crore
      - Abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions
  - - - Consumption of Hydrogen: India consumes about six million tonnes of hydrogen every year for the production of ammonia and methanol in industrial sectors, including fertilisers and refineries.
      - This could increase to 28 million tonnes by 2050, principally due to the rising demand from the industry, but also due to the expansion of transport and power sectors.
      - Cost of Green Hydrogen: By 2030, the cost of green hydrogen is expected to compete with that of hydrocarbon fuels (coal, Crude Oil, natural gas).
      - The price will decrease further as production and sales increase. It is also projected that India's hydrogen demand will increase five-fold by 2050, with 80% of it being green.
      - Exporter of Green Hydrogen: India will become a net exporter of green hydrogen by 2030 due to its cheap renewable energy tariffs.
  - - - The biggest feature of this fuel cell technology is that it emits only water, thus cutting down on emissions of harmful greenhouse gases along with other air pollutants. Therefore, this technology is probably the most eco-friendly mode of transport.
      - This technology also works at 65-75 degree Celsius temperature which can withstand the heat generated while driving.
      - Japan is a leader in the use of fuel cell technology. In the context of controlling air pollution, it is necessary that India learns from Japan’s technology for the use of clean energy.
  - - - Green Hydrogen / Ammonia manufacturers may purchase renewable power from the power exchange or set up renewable energy capacity themselves or through any other, developer, anywhere.
      - Open access will be granted within 15 days of receipt of application.
      - The Green Hydrogen / Ammonia manufacturer can bank his unconsumed renewable power, up to 30 days, with distribution company and take it back when required.
      - Distribution licensees can also procure and supply Renewable Energy to the manufacturers of Green Hydrogen / Green Ammonia in their States at concessional prices which will only include the cost of procurement, wheeling charges and a small margin as determined by the State Commission.
      - Waiver of inter-state transmission charges for a period of 25 years will be allowed to the manufacturers of Green Hydrogen and Green Ammonia for the projects commissioned before 30th June 2025.
      - Manufacturers of Green Hydrogen / Green Ammonia shall be allowed to set up bunkers near Ports for storage of Green Ammonia for export / use by shipping. The land for the storage for this purpose shall be provided by the respective Port Authorities at applicable charges.