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Chemistry a Central Science - Coggle Diagram

- - - - sp, 180*, Linear C(n)H(2n-2)
    - - Nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, Beta elimination
        
        Elimination: Zaltsev's Rule: major product has more substituent on alkene
        
        Polar covalent, H bonds
    - - electrophic addition
        
        Hydrohalogenation: Marovinkov's rule: H adds to the carbon with the most H+'s
        
        Hydrogenation: syn-addition
        
        Halogenation: anti-addition
        
        sp2. 120*, trigonal Planer, Pi and Sigma bonds, C(n) H(2n)
    - - radical subsiution
        
        SP3, 109.5*, Tetrahedral, Non-polar, C(n)H(2n+2)
    - - Nucleophilic substitution
    - - nucleophilic susitution, oxidation
    - - Beta elimination, nucleophilic substitution (strong base)
        
        Elimination: Zaltsev's Rule: major product has more substituent on alkene
        
        Arenes: Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, Phenol, Analine, Benzaldehyde, Benzoic acid, phenyl
    - - Nucleophilic substitution
    - - Nucleophilic acyl substitution
    - - Radicals
        
        H3C•, Cl•, Br•
      - Nucleophile
        
        NH3-. OH-, CN-, NABH4-, H-
      - electrophile
        
        H+, Br+, NO2+, H3C+, CO+
    - - Low polar covalent, weak dipole dipole f, alkoxy alkanes
    - - ammonia derivative, bases, polar 1 2 (Hbonds)
    - - 1, 2, 3*
  - - - aldoes= aldehyde
      - Ketose= Ketone
      - 6C = hexose (fisher)- pyranose (haworth)
        
        glucose
        
        fructose
      - 5C= Pentose (fisher)- furanose (haworth)
        
        ribose (RNA)
        
        deoxyribose
      - Terms
        
        mutarutation: hemiacetals sugar open
        
        stereoisomers: enantiomers D and L. Natural form D (OH on right)
        
        anomer difference: shinning polarised light- optical rotation
        
        epimers: stereochemistry different at chiral centre (pentaltimate carbon). D aldose, D glucose
        
        hemiacetals: intermolecular cystalisation that brings the groups (hydroxyl and carbonyl) together
        
        haworth: OH above= Beta, OH below= alpha
      - Fisher Projections
        
        Chiral Centre at centre cross
        
        most oxided C - Top
        
        Side chain- Bottom
        
        wedged (horizontal bonds)
        
        hatched (vertical bonds)
        
        D when Amino is Right, L when Amino is Left
- - - - epimers (D and L): DNA and RNA
    - - cis/trans (E and Z)
      - conformers : Newman projections