Chemistry a Central Science
Organic Chemistry
Groups
alkyne
alcohol
alkene
alkane
haloalkane
aldehydes
Aromatic
Ketone
Carboxylic acids
Nucleophilic substitution
nucleophilic susitution, oxidation
radical subsiution
electrophic addition
Nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, Beta elimination
Nucleophilic substitution
Beta elimination, nucleophilic substitution (strong base)
Nucleophilic acyl substitution
Reaction species
Radicals
Nucleophile
electrophile
H+, Br+, NO2+, H3C+, CO+
NH3-. OH-, CN-, NABH4-, H-
H3C•, Cl•, Br•
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Hydrohalogenation: Marovinkov's rule: H adds to the carbon with the most H+'s
Hydrogenation: syn-addition
Halogenation: anti-addition
Elimination: Zaltsev's Rule: major product has more substituent on alkene
Elimination: Zaltsev's Rule: major product has more substituent on alkene
SP3, 109.5*, Tetrahedral, Non-polar, C(n)H(2n+2)
sp2. 120*, trigonal Planer, Pi and Sigma bonds, C(n) H(2n)
sp, 180*, Linear C(n)H(2n-2)
Arenes: Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, Phenol, Analine, Benzaldehyde, Benzoic acid, phenyl
Polar covalent, H bonds
Ether
Low polar covalent, weak dipole dipole f, alkoxy alkanes
amines
Amide
1, 2, 3*
ammonia derivative, bases, polar 1 2 (Hbonds)
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Carbohydrates
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monosaccarides
aldoes= aldehyde
Ketose= Ketone
6C = hexose (fisher)- pyranose (haworth)
5C= Pentose (fisher)- furanose (haworth)
ribose (RNA) 
deoxyribose
glucose
Terms
mutarutation: hemiacetals sugar open
stereoisomers: enantiomers D and L. Natural form D (OH on right)
anomer difference: shinning polarised light- optical rotation
fructose
epimers: stereochemistry different at chiral centre (pentaltimate carbon). D aldose, D glucose
hemiacetals: intermolecular cystalisation that brings the groups (hydroxyl and carbonyl) together
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haworth: OH above= Beta, OH below= alpha
isomers
constitutional
stereoisomers
enantiomers (R and S): Highest priority 1, lowest priority H-- based off atomic masses. R clockwise, S anti-clockwise
diastereomers :not mirrored or super impossible
cis/trans (E and Z)
conformers : Newman projections
epimers (D and L): DNA and RNA
naming
Fisher Projections
Chiral Centre at centre cross
most oxided C - Top
Side chain- Bottom
wedged (horizontal bonds)
hatched (vertical bonds)
D when Amino is Right, L when Amino is Left
achiral: super imposable molecule- plane of sym.
Chiral centre: sp3 C atom: bonded to 4 different atoms/groups
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priorities: carboxyl> ester> amido> cyano> formyl> ketone> Hydroxyl> amino>alkene>alkyne>alkane>ether> alkyl halide
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