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Health and Disease II - Coggle Diagram
Health and Disease II
Defence against disease
Physical barriers
The Skin - Acts as a tough, waterproof barrier to pathogens. Cells in the outer layer of skin contain keratin, which strengthens the cell. It the skin gets damaged, blood clots can quickly seal cuts to help keep micro organisms out of the body
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Cilia - In the trachea and bronchi, secrete mucus to trap pathogens. Then it is moved up back to the throat where it can be swallowed
Chemical barriers
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Lysozyme - An enzyme found in the saliva and tears. Breaks down bacterial cell walls causing them to burst and die
The Immune system
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytes are white blood cells, which can engulf foreign cells and digest them
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Lymphocytes
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1) Every pathogen has unique proteins on its surface membrane called antigens, a Lymphocyt with an antibody that fits the antigen is activated
2) B - Lymphocyte cells produce antibodies, which bind on to invading pathogens, so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells
3) Antibodies produces are specific to a certain type of antigen, and they will only lock on that certain type
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Memory Lymphocytes
During 1st infection, response is slow because there aren't many B - Lymphocytes that are specific to the pathogen
Memory lymphocytes remain in the body for a long time, and can remember specific antigens.
If the same pathogen enters the body again, there are more cell that recognise it and produce antibodies
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Immunisation
Introduction of a weakened or dead pathogen in the body, or sometimes just the antibodies (inoculation)
The pathogens are antigenic, they carry antigens. This stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies, even though the pathogen is harmless
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If pathogens of the same type get into the body, the memory lymphocytes can rapidly produce antibodies to help destroy the pathogen in a secondary immune response
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Pros
Have helped control infectious diseases that were once common, polio, measles and tetanus
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Even people who aren't immunised are unlikely to catch the disease as there are less people able to pass it. Herd immunity
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Monoclonal antibodies
Production
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1) Inject an antigen that you want to make an antibody against into another animal, like a mouse
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3) Take some blood from the mouse, the blood will contain a mixture of B cells
4) Fuse the B - Lymphocyte cells with myeloma (tumour) cells, to form hybridoma cells. This will allow them to reproduce by mitosis much faster
5) Hybridoma cells are mixed with the antigen, if they bind, then they can be used
6) Hybridoma cells are placed in a culture medium with ideal condition for mitosis and allowed to reproduce.
7) Antibodies will be produced that are identical to that produced by the original hybridoma cell, which can then be collected an purified
Uses
Pregnancy tests
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If you're pregnant
After weeing on the stick, the HCG hormone will bind to the mobile antibodies specific to its shape. These antibodies are stuck to a blue bead in the test zone
The urine moves up the stick, carrying the binded hormone and the beads
In the test zone there are immobilised anti - HCG antibodies, which will bind to the antibodies which have already binded to the hormone
This will turn the strip blue, showing the presence of the hormone
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Control Zone
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Once the blue beads reach the control zone, the antibodies attached to them will bind to the antibodies in the control area
This will turn the control strip blue, showing the test has worked
If it doesn't turn blue, then it means that the antibodies didn't bind correctly, and it hasn't worked
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Finding blood clots
In blood clots, proteins in the blood join together to form a solid mesh, Monoclonal antibodies have been developed to bind to these proteins
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If you take an image of the body, you could potentially find a harmful blood clot and get rid of it before it harms the patient
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