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Pragmatics, Discourse analyses, Michel Foucault, Michel Foucault,…
Pragmatics
locutionary act
Locutionary act means the act of saying something
I can write an essay
I go to movie
performatives
Austin begins performatives
Performatives themselves constitute an action such as stating questioning apologizing thanking
illocutionary act
Illocutionary act means the act of doing something by saying something
**- Can you open the door?
Yes, absolutaly**
My colleague urged me to go to the movie
Speech act
Speech Act-Observing and documenting greetings on TV shows, Using Discourse completion , Participating in role play activities
2.Intended
Can you pick me up
actual
Do you have a car?
speech acts are communicative acts that convey an intended language function. Speech acts include functions such as requests, apologies, suggestions, commands, offers, and appropriate responses to those acts.
1 Expression of an apology: A word, expression, or sentence containing a
verb such as “sorry,” “excuse,” “forgive,” or “apologize.”
2 Acknowledgment of responsibility – degree of recognition of fault. This
strategy includes a continuum: accepting the blame: “It’s my fault”;
expressing self-deficiency: “I was confused/I didn’t see/You are right”
3 Explanation or account – a description of the situation which led to the
offense, serving as an indirect way of apologizing.
4 Offer of repair: the apologizer makes a bid to carry out an action or
provide payment for some kind of damage which resulted from his/her
infraction
5 Promise of non-recurrence: the apologizer commits him/herself to not
having the offense happen again (e.g., “I’ll never forget our anniversary
again.”). T
perlocutionary act
Perlocutionary act means the act of achieving something by saying something
who opened the Door ?
I am really grateful for taking me to the movie
the Cooperative Principle (and its four sub-principles),
describes how people achieve effective conversational communication in common social situations
That is, how listeners and speakers act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way.
maxims of conversation
quantity
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
quality
Do not say what you believe is false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
relation,
manner
conversational implicature
Conversational implicature is the phenomenon whereby a speaker says one thing and thereby conveys
is used to show the difference between what is said and what is meant.
Harold says that Sally should bring her umbrella, but further conveys that (he believes that) it is likely to rain.
politeness
Politeness: When we interact with others, we do much more than simply communicate
information: we also work toward establishing and maintaining social
relationships. An important part of that work involves face, which Erving
Goffman defined as ‘the positive social value a person effectively claims for
himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact’
Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson use Goffman’s concept of face
to explain politeness, and divide it into two types: positive and negative
face. Positive face is related to our desire to be liked, and to create bonds
with others. Negative face is our desire not to be imposed upon, and to not
impose on others. In interaction, we are constantly attempting to balance our
need for privacy and autonomy with others’ need for the same, our need for
being liked and respected with others’ need for the same, while at the same
time trying to achieve our goals in interacting.
face
Interaction to others
negative face,
FTA with negative politeness strategies for mitigation: I’m
sorry, I hate to bother. Could I trouble you to move over a little?
Negative. I always have to walk with you
You are talking too much about Plagiarism
orders, requests, suggestions, advice, remindings, threats, or warnings.
compliments, expressions of envy or admiration, or expressions of strong negative emotion toward the hearer
offers and promises.
positive face
FTA on record, with positive politeness strategies for
mitigation: I always like sitting next to you! So would you mind moving
over just a bit?
Positive exmaple. Walking with you is always enjoyble
I like your T-shirt
face-threatening act (FTA)
Face threatening the speaker acting in opposition to the wants of other
Brown and Levinsion begin act of face threatening
Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson use Goffman’s concept of face
to explain politeness, and divide it into two types: positive and negative
face.
Attribute appropriate authors to each of these terms( where possible)
**Erving
Goffman defined "FACE" as ‘the positive social value a person effectively claims for
himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact’**
Come up with original examples whenever possible (examples should be original—not ones from the readings—and be appropriate for target learners)
Discourse analyses
Multi- modal
It was so challenging and complecated
environment of language
feature of the language
Critical
discourse is In the social science like sociolinguistics, sociology social psychology
and from face to face to synchronous technically mediated interactions such as telephone talk and videoconference
It concern with informal and purely sociable talk, but the approach encompasses interaction of all sorts, from social to task focused ,
Conversation analysis is an approach to the study of human interaction in society. .
Discourse analyses has two lines
Natural language
Gramatically
Morfology
Sytntax
Phonology etc.
Social language
Study of sociate and psychology
Communicative Repertoires in Classroom Discourse
Spend a few minutes in any classroom discussion and it becomes clear that being “correct” and speaking in a “polished” manner is, for many students, not top priority. In fact, sometimes, students—even when they know “correct” answers or “polished” ways of speaking—find it socially problematic to use that repertoire.
Teacher: -C- -H- says? David: Can Rene: an- chan- Teacher: Chan- -C- -Y- (2.0) Rene: Chances. Teacher: Cha:n:c:y Rene: Chancy. Rene: Ohp ((looking at David and smiling)) Pokémon. David: It’s a Pokémon. Teacher: And you have to tell me why the –a- is short
What is Discourse Analysis? Discourse is systematically related to communicative action. It implies that pragmatic components should specify appropriate conditions: both the sentences and discourse.
Fairclough (2010): Discourse is not simply an entity we can define interdependently: we can only arrive at an understanding of it by analyzing sets of relations. We can say what it is in particular that discourse brings into the complex relations which constitute social life: meaning and making meaning
Chomsky’s View of Meaning Three types of meaning: 1) Expression meaning: Refers to the meaning of expression, means dictionary meaning and linguistic meaning. 2) Utterance meaning: It is the meaning of expression but in a sentence or in an utterance, but not beyond that (has no functional focus) 3) Communicative or Pragmatic meaning: It is the implication of the meaning.
Zellig Harris (1952) was the first person who coined Discourse Analysis
Hymes, Searl and Grice were of those philosophers affected mainly on the discourse analysis.
British discourse analysts American discourse analysts Text-Grammarians mostly on written language) Halliday, Sinclair (IRF), Coulthard Goffman, Sacks, Hymes, Labov Van Dijk, De Beaugrande, Halliday and Hasan
Leo Spitzer
Conversation analysis was developed by Harvey Sacks in collaboration with Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson.
Discourse Analysis History American discourse analysis: It emphasizes the research method of close observation of groups of people, communicating in natural setting.
It examines types of speech event such as story-telling, greeting rituals and verbal duels in different cultural and social settings. What is often called “Conversation Analysis” within the American tradition can also be included the under general heading of Discourse Analysis.
Michel Foucault
Translated this to the French
Michel Foucault
He was the famous discourser in The EUROPE
Pragmatics Yule: It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or writer and interpreted by listener or reader. It is the study of speakers meaning, contextual meaning and how more gets communicated than is said; what determines the choice between said and unsaid (study of expression of relative distance).
Theoretical Pragmatics Theoretical pragmatics: Focuses on particular aspects of meaning and explains them with formal accounts of language use. It is concerned with what can be communicated in general and with what people do in specific situations.
Discourse Analysis differ Pragmatics uses discourse as data and seeks to draw generalizations that have predictive power, concerning linguistic competence. Discourse Analysis focuses on individual discourse, using the findings of pragmatic theory to see how interlocutors use and interpret language in a specific context.
