Speech Act-Observing and documenting greetings on TV shows, Using Discourse completion , Participating in role play activities

Come up with original examples whenever possible (examples should be original—not ones from the readings—and be appropriate for target learners)

speech acts are communicative acts that convey an intended language function. Speech acts include functions such as requests, apologies, suggestions, commands, offers, and appropriate responses to those acts.

1 Expression of an apology: A word, expression, or sentence containing a
verb such as “sorry,” “excuse,” “forgive,” or “apologize.”

2 Acknowledgment of responsibility – degree of recognition of fault. This
strategy includes a continuum: accepting the blame: “It’s my fault”;
expressing self-deficiency: “I was confused/I didn’t see/You are right”

3 Explanation or account – a description of the situation which led to the
offense, serving as an indirect way of apologizing.

4 Offer of repair: the apologizer makes a bid to carry out an action or
provide payment for some kind of damage which resulted from his/her
infraction

5 Promise of non-recurrence: the apologizer commits him/herself to not
having the offense happen again (e.g., “I’ll never forget our anniversary
again.”). T

Performatives themselves constitute an action such as stating questioning apologizing thanking

FTA on record, with positive politeness strategies for
mitigation: I always like sitting next to you! So would you mind moving
over just a bit?

Politeness: When we interact with others, we do much more than simply communicate
information: we also work toward establishing and maintaining social
relationships. An important part of that work involves face, which Erving
Goffman defined as ‘the positive social value a person effectively claims for
himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact’

Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson use Goffman’s concept of face
to explain politeness, and divide it into two types: positive and negative
face. Positive face is related to our desire to be liked, and to create bonds
with others. Negative face is our desire not to be imposed upon, and to not
impose on others. In interaction, we are constantly attempting to balance our
need for privacy and autonomy with others’ need for the same, our need for
being liked and respected with others’ need for the same, while at the same
time trying to achieve our goals in interacting.

I am really grateful for taking me to the movie

FTA with negative politeness strategies for mitigation: I’m
sorry, I hate to bother. Could I trouble you to move over a little?

Positive exmaple. Walking with you is always enjoyble

Face threatening the speaker acting in opposition to the wants of other

is used to show the difference between what is said and what is meant.

Harold says that Sally should bring her umbrella, but further conveys that (he believes that) it is likely to rain.

Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson use Goffman’s concept of face
to explain politeness, and divide it into two types: positive and negative
face.

Goffman defined "FACE" as ‘the positive social value a person effectively claims for

himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact’**

Do not say what you believe is false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

orders, requests, suggestions, advice, remindings, threats, or warnings.

compliments, expressions of envy or admiration, or expressions of strong negative emotion toward the hearer

Leo Spitzer

It was so challenging and complecated

and from face to face to synchronous technically mediated interactions such as telephone talk and videoconference

It concern with informal and purely sociable talk, but the approach encompasses interaction of all sorts, from social to task focused ,

Conversation analysis is an approach to the study of human interaction in society. .

Translated this to the French

Conversation analysis was developed by Harvey Sacks in collaboration with Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson.

He was the famous discourser in The EUROPE

British discourse analysts American discourse analysts Text-Grammarians mostly on written language) Halliday, Sinclair (IRF), Coulthard Goffman, Sacks, Hymes, Labov Van Dijk, De Beaugrande, Halliday and Hasan

Discourse Analysis History American discourse analysis: It emphasizes the research method of close observation of groups of people, communicating in natural setting.

It examines types of speech event such as story-telling, greeting rituals and verbal duels in different cultural and social settings. What is often called “Conversation Analysis” within the American tradition can also be included the under general heading of Discourse Analysis.

Spend a few minutes in any classroom discussion and it becomes clear that being “correct” and speaking in a “polished” manner is, for many students, not top priority. In fact, sometimes, students—even when they know “correct” answers or “polished” ways of speaking—find it socially problematic to use that repertoire.

Teacher: -C- -H- says? David: Can Rene: an- chan- Teacher: Chan- -C- -Y- (2.0) Rene: Chances. Teacher: Cha:n:c:y Rene: Chancy. Rene: Ohp ((looking at David and smiling)) Pokémon. David: It’s a Pokémon. Teacher: And you have to tell me why the –a- is short

Fairclough (2010): Discourse is not simply an entity we can define interdependently: we can only arrive at an understanding of it by analyzing sets of relations. We can say what it is in particular that discourse brings into the complex relations which constitute social life: meaning and making meaning

Chomsky’s View of Meaning Three types of meaning: 1) Expression meaning: Refers to the meaning of expression, means dictionary meaning and linguistic meaning. 2) Utterance meaning: It is the meaning of expression but in a sentence or in an utterance, but not beyond that (has no functional focus) 3) Communicative or Pragmatic meaning: It is the implication of the meaning.