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04 IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES, image, image, image, image, image -…
04 IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES
Imperialism
During the last third of the 19th century European states expanded by colonising territories
A large number of territories became controlled by European powers
main aim of this expansion was to subject other peoples to imperial states
Causes:
Ideological and cultural factors
Rivalry between industrialised countries
Intense population growt
Industrial development
The mother country
the imperialist state on which a colony depended
Colonial empires in 1914
British Empire was by far the most extensive
controlled almost a quarter of the world
followed at some distance by the French Empire
Colonial territories
Imperialist expansion led to the development of colonialism
system in which the mother country exploited the colonies according to its interests
Colonisation of Africa
In 1885, Germany organised the Berlin West Africa Conference to decide how Africa would be divided amongst the European powers
British Empire wanted to establish a large belt of colonies from Egypt to Cape Town
France already controlled the Sahara and its bordering countries
Portugal controlled large inland areas that it had reached from the ports of its old colonial empire
France and Portugal wanted to establish corridors from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the Indian Ocean coast of Africa
David Livingstone
represents the scientific endeavours of the explorers who colonised much of the planet
travelled to remote parts of Africa and fought against slavery
Scottish missionary and explorer
Colonisation of Asia
Indian Peninsula was colonised by the British
considered it ‘the jewel in the Crown’
France took control of Indochina and Great Britain of Malaysia
the Dutch replaced Portugal’s former rule over modern-day Indonesia
China was still an independent country, ruled by its emperor and ancient institutions
felt the effects of imperialist pressures from Europe and the USA
had to cede control of its mines and allow areas of importance for foreign trade to be divided between the colonists
opened up ports in important coastal cities to international trade
British took advantage of the Chinese authorities’ initial tolerance of opium consumption
smuggled the drug to make large amounts of money, to the detriment of the population’s health
Chinese rebelled against this in the First Opium War (1839–1842)
were defeated by the British
After the Treaty of Nanking was signed in 1842, the port of Hong Kong became a British royal colony
The hegemony of the United States in America
United States began numerous military interventions throughout the American continent to defend its economic and strategic interests
annexed
Puerto Rico
several Pacific archipelagos
the Philippines
the Panama Canal
The Hawaiian Islands
Cuba
left the island of Cuba in 1902
reserved the right to military intervention when they deemed appropriate
To achieve this
encouraged Panama to separate from Colombia
subdued the Philippine rebels in a cruel war that caused nearly a million civilian victims
they fought Spain
Types of colonial government
Colonies
Territories where weak local power allowed mother countries to control all aspects of the country
political
cultural
economic
was applied in many parts of Africa
the Congo, controlled by the Belgians
France imposed this model of government in Indochina
Protectorates
Territories where the mother country decided not to intervene in matters of local politic
controlling only economic matters and foreign relations
used primarily in Asia
like the British protectorate in India
France and Spain had protectorates in Morocco
Dominions
Territories of the British Empire
occupied almost entirely by a new population of European origin, with great autonomy and their own institutions
Canada, Australia and New Zealand are examples
Consequences of imperialism
artificial borders were created
The way in which territories were divided, especially in Africa, was based on the interests of the occupying powers and not on local factors
divided tribes and ethnic groups or joining them together
resulted in conflicts in the future
inequalities in the global production of goods
colonies specialised in producing cheap raw materials, while the mother countries manufactured and sold industrial products of higher added value
violence against the people
altered the social structure of the indigenous populations
new social order was imposed, based on racial discrimination against the indigenous peoples by the colonists
resulted in the breakdown of the traditional tribal society
advances in industrialised countries
law
administration
medicine
due to racial discrimination not everybody enjoyed these benefits
great powers wanted the Panama Canal (1914) and the Suez Canal (1869) to be built for two reasons
to shorten international shipping routes
for political reasons
trade was linked to usage by the investors and companies involved in the canals’ construction
