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IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES - Coggle Diagram
IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES
Imperialism
During the last third of the 19th century
coinciding with the start of
the Second Industrial Revolution
the most important European states
expanded by colonising territories all over the world
Large number of territories
Controlled by European powers
Main aim of this expansion
To subject other peoples to imperial states
This political doctrine
Is imperialism
Causes of Imperialism
Rivalry between industrialised countries
all of which competed with each other
to secure trade routes
to obtain political prestige
to guarantee a supply of raw materials
Intense population growth
in Europe led to more overseas emigration
Between 1871 and 1911
33 million Europeans left the continent
moved to other places around the world
such as
United States
Canada
Brazil
Argentina
Industrial development
required new raw materials
that were sometimes found in territories
very far away from Europe
At the same time
the development of European industrial production
demanded that new consumer markets
be established all over the world
Ideological and cultural factors
Europe wanted to ‘civilise’ the rest of the world
in some cases with a feeling of racial superiority
As well as colonial expansion
religious missions were organised
to evangelise the colonised peoples
scientific missions
to explore the geography of the new territories
Colonial empires in 1914
British Empire was by far the most extensive
followed by the French Empire
They controlled almost a quarter of the world
with a population of 345 million inhabitants
Colonial territories
Imperialist expansion led to the development of colonialism
This was a system in which
the mother country exploited the colonies
according to its interests
The way in which European empires expanded
depended on the circumstances of each colonised territory
Inland Africa
was almost completely unexplored
In Asia
there were a number of
ancient deep-rooted cultures
and religions
such as Islam
and two enormous countries
India
China
Colonisation of Africa
In 1885
Germany organised the Berlin West Africa Conference
to decide how Africa would be divided
amongst the European powers
all of which had different interests
Because of its late unification
Germany feared that it would miss
its opportunity for colonial expansion
British Empire wanted to establish
a large belt of colonies
from Egypt
to Cape Town
The other power wanted to prevent this
Colonisation of Asia
the Indian Peninsula was colonised
by the british
Except for some
Portuguese
Enclaves
French
France took control of Indochina
And Great Britain of Malaysia
While the Dutch replaced Portugal’s former rule
over modern-day Indonesia
Although China was still an independent country
ruled by its emperor and ancient institutions
it also felt the effects of imperialist pressures
from
Europe
the USA
It had to cede control of its mines
and allow areas of importance for foreign trade
to be divided between the colonists
it opened up ports in important coastal cities
such as
Canton
Shanghai
The hegemony of the United States in America
the United States began numerous military interventions
throughout the American continent
to defend its
economic
interests
and strategic
The
Hawaiian Islands
The Philippines
Puerto Rico
were therefore annexed
Several Pacific archipelagos
the Panama Canal
Cuba
They left Cuba in 1902
but reserved the right to military intervention
when they deemed appropriate
To achieve this they fought Spain
encouraged Panama to separate from Colombia
and subdued the Philippine rebels
Types of colonial government
Colonies
Territories where weak local power
allowed the mother countries to control
all aspects of the country
Political
Cultural
Economic
This model was applied in many parts of Africa
Such as the Congo
controlled by the Belgians
France also imposed this model
in Indochina
Protectorates
Territories where the mother country
decided not to intervene in matters of local politics
controlling only
economic matters
foreign relations
This model was used primarily in Asia
like the British protectorate in India
France and Spain had protectorates
In Morocco
Dominions
Territories of the British Empire
occupied almost entirely by a new population
of European origin
with great autonomy
their own institutions
Examples of this model are
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
Consequences of Imperialism
Artificial borders
The way in which territories were divided
especially in Africa
was based on the interests of the occupying powers
and not on local factors
As a result Artificial borders were created
dividing tribes and ethnic groups
or joining them togethe
This would result in conflicts in the future
Inequalities
Colonial expansion consolidated this
in the global production of goods
The colonies specialised in producing
cheap raw materials
the mother countries
manufactured and sold industrial products
of higher added value
Violence
Colonisation involved this against people
leading to atrocities
like the genocide in the Belgian Congo
colonisation severely altered the social structure
of the indigenous populations
A new social order was imposed
based on racial discrimination
against the indigenous peoples by the colonists
resulted in the breakdown of the traditional tribal society
Advances in industrialised countries
Such as
Law
Administration
Medicine
not everybody enjoyed these benefits
due to racial discrimination under colonial
Strategic control over canals
The great powers wanted
The Panama Canal
The Suez Canal
To be built for 2 reasons
To shorten international shipping routes
for political reasons
as they would allow strategic control
of large areas of the world
