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04 IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES, image, image, image, image, image,…
04 IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL EMPIRES
1 IMPERIALISM
During the last third of the 19th century, coinciding with the start of the Second Industrial Revolution
The most important European states expanded by colonising territories all over the world
A large number of territories became controlled by European powers
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
Rivalry between industrialised
competed with each other to guarantee a supply of raw materials, to secure trade routes and to obtain political prestige
Intense population growth
Europe led to more overseas emigration. Between 1871 and 1911, 33 million Europeans left the continent and moved to other places around the world
Industrial development
required new raw materials that were sometimes found in territories very far away from Europe
Ideological and cultural factors
Europe wanted to ‘civilise’ the rest of the world, in some cases with a feeling of racial superiority.
THE MOTHER COUNTRY
The mother country was the imperialist state on which a colony depended. It held all aspects of power: political, military, economic, social and cultural.
COLONIAL EMPIRES IN 1914
The British controlled almost a quarter of the world, with a population of 345 million inhabitants.
The British Empire was by far the most extensive, followed at some distance by the French Empire.
2 COLONIAL TERRITORIES
Imperialist expansion led to the development of colonialism
This was a system in which the mother country exploited the colonies according to its interests
COLONISATION
COLONISATION OF AFRICA
Berlin West Africa Conference
In 1885, Germany organised
decide how Africa would be divided amongst the European powers, all of which had different interests
British Empire wanted to establish a large belt of colonies from Egypt to Cape Town
France already controlled the Sahara and its bordering countries
Portugal controlled large inland areas
DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813–1873)
A Scottish missionary and explorer, David Livingstone represents the scientific endeavours of the explorers who colonised much of the planet
COLONISATION OF ASIA
Portuguese and French enclaves
Great britain
the Indian Peninsula was colonised by the British
‘the jewel in the Crown’
Great Britain of Malaysia
Dutch replaced Portugal’s former rule over modern-day Indonesia.
China was still an independent country, ruled by its emperor and ancient institutions
First Opium War (1839–1842)
Chinese rebelled
were defeated by the British
Treaty of Nanking was signed in 1842, the port of Hong Kong became a British royal colony
JAPANESE IMPERIALISM
Japan turned to imperial expansion between the late 19th and early 20th centuries
BOXER REBELLION (1899–1901)
This rebellion was the result of Chinese opposition to the policies imposed by foreign powers in China. The aim was to expel the colonists
THE HEGEMONY OF THE UNITED STATES IN AMERICA
United States began numerous military interventions throughout the American continent to defend its economic and strategic interests
Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, several Pacific archipelagos, the Panama Canal and Cuba were therefore annexed
3 TYPES OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
Protectorates
the mother country decided not to intervene in matters of local politics, controlling only economic matters and foreign relations
Asia, like the British protectorate in India. France and Spain had protectorates in Morocco
Dominions
Territories of the British Empire, occupied almost entirely by a new population of European origin, with great autonomy and their own institutions
Canada, Australia and New Zealand are examples of this model.
Colonies
weak local power allowed mother countries to control all aspects of the country: economic, political and cultural
parts of Africa, such as the Congo, controlled by the Belgians / France in Indochina
4 CONSEQUENCES OF IMPERIALISM
inequalities
colonies specialised in producing cheap raw materials
mother countries manufactured and sold industrial products of higher added value.
violence
against the people, leading to atrocities like the genocide in the Belgian Congo
new social order was imposed, based on racial discrimination against the indigenous peoples by the colonists
artificial borders
The way in which territories were divided, especially in Africa
was based on the interests of the occupying powers and not on local factors
dividing tribes and ethnic groups or joining them together
advances in industrialised countries
medicine, law and administration
due to racial discrimination under colonial rule, not everybody enjoyed these benefits
STRATEGIC CONTROL OVER CANALS
canals
Suez Canal (opened in 1869)
The great powers wanted the Panama Canal (opened in 1914)
two reasons
to shorten international shipping routes
for political reasons, as they would allow strategic control of large areas of the world
