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What are the optimum operating conditions of enzymes? - Coggle Diagram
What
are the
optimum
operating conditions
of
enzymes
?
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are mostly proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies (Cleveland Clinic, 2021)
Digestive enzymes
Carbohydrase
breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.
Lipase
breaks down fats into fatty acids.
Protease
breaks down protein into amino acids.
(Cleveland Clinic, 2021)
They break bonds in the substrate and create products (split them up)
(Newman, 2022)
The digestive system:
Enzymes help the body break down larger complex molecules into smaller molecules, such as glucose, so that the body can use them as fuel.
DNA replication:
Each cell in the body contains DNA. Each time a cell divides, the cell needs to copy its DNA. Enzymes help in this process by unwinding the DNA coils.
Liver enzymes
: The liver breaks down toxins in the body. To do this, it uses a range of enzymes the facilitate the process of destroying the toxins.
Cofactors
Some enzymes cannot function unless they attach to a specific non-protein molecule, known as cofactors. (Newman, 2022)
Ions
are inorganic molecules that loosely bond to the enzyme to ensure it can function.
Coenzymes
are organic molecules that also loosely bond with and allow an enzyme to do its job.
Operating conditions for what?
Humans
.
Animals
What affects enzyme operating conditions
Temperature - work best when body temperature is normal, 37°C, as temperature increases, enzyme reactions increase but if the temperature gets too high, the enzyme stops working
pH - they don’t work properly if an environment is too acidic or basic
Enzyme concentration - higher enzyme concentration speeds up process, as long as there is enough substrate for it to bind to
Substrate concentration - higher substrate concentration increases the enzyme reaction rate
Inhibitors and effectors - Necessary to slow down enzyme function in case an enzyme makes too much of a product, the body needs a way to reduce or stop the production.
(Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon, 2021)
What are the optimum conditions
37 degrees for most human enzymes (celsius)
The conditions under which a particular enzyme is most active are called the optimum conditions. When an enzyme is most active the rate of the biological reaction it catalyses is highest. (BBC Bitesize, 2023)
pH level generally between 6 8
Optimum operating conditions (Nih.gov, 2023)
isomerases
Temperature = 60 degrees
pH level = 7.0 and 8.5
transferases
pH level = 7
Temperature = 50 degrees
oxidoreductases
pH level = 8.3
Temperature = 37 degrees
hydrolases
pH level = 6.2 to 6.8
Temperature = 60 degrees
lyases
pH level = 6
Temperature = 60 degrees
ligases
Temperature = 37 degrees
pH level = 7.6 - 8.0
Carbohydrase
pH level = 5.4 and 6.4.
Temperature = 37 degrees
Lipase
pH level = 8
Temperature = 37 degrees
Protease
pH level = 8
Temperature = 30 degrees
Possible variables
IV: pH level
DV: Rate of reaction
DV: Rate of reaction
IV: Concentration of substrate
IV: Temperature
DV: Rate of reaction