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Non-fatal Offences - Coggle Diagram

- - - - As defined in the case of Parmenter, for section 20 GBH it is required that the defendant must intend to prove "some harm".
    - - To intentionally or recklessly WOUND, there must be a break in the continuity of the skin (as shown in Eisenhower where it was only a bruise and therefore not a section 20)
      - To intentionally or recklessly inflict GBH, as defined in Saunders, there must be "serious harm". In this case all of the boyfriends damage combined attributed to serious harm and he was convicted of a section 20.
      - Psychiatric injury can amount to bodily harm (as seen in Chan-Fook). The word "inflict" in section 20 simply means cause and therefore there is no requirement for physical touch (as seen in Burstow)
- - - - Usually it will be either intentional or reckless.
    - - Actual bodily harm is defined in R v Miller and means any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health and comfort of the individual.
        
        R v Chan-Fook established that fear or emotions doesn't mean there was ABH
        
        DPP v Smith established that psychological damage does equate to ABH
        
        T v DPP established a loss of consciousness is also ABH
- - - - Apprehend means "to be aware of"- Shown in R v Lamb where neither of the boys apprehended personal violence.
      - "unlawful"- without consent shown in Collins v Wilcock
      - Smith v Superintendent of Woking extended the meaning of immediate to expecting violence in the near future.
        
        R v Ireland and R v Constanza supports this.
- - - - Collins v Wilcock confirmed that the slightest touch can amount to battery.
      - R v Thomas confirmed that unlawful force can be applied to clothes/body/hair/bags.
      - DPP v K confirmed indirect application of force can be sufficient for battery.
      - R v Haystead- man punches women who then drops her baby. Baby suffered indirect force and therefore there was battery.