Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

War and radicalism, The first civil war, 1642-46 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - War faction
        
        Those who demanded significant submission from parliament through 'all-out' victory
        
        e.g. Henrietta Maria + Prince Rupert
      - Peace faction
        
        Those who welcomed a moderate settlement in the hope to end the war
        
        e.g. the earl of Clarendon
    - - Royalist reasons for not persueing
        
        Royalist armies were prevailing in the north and west with Prince Rupert in particular finding success
        
        Charles was very attached to the ideology of Divine Right and negotiation was deeply distasteful for him
        
        Henrietta Maria returned to England with supplies and weaponry provided by the King of denmark
- - - - Shortcomings of the county Militia
        
        The moment haselreigs militia ordinance became law in 1642 both parliament and king scrambled to mobilise soldiers into their own armies
        
        Shortly became clear that those within the county weren't willing to fight outside of the country as they saw their role within the civil war as primarily defensive
        
        Associations, Late autumn 1642, to overcome this problem parliament began to group counties to from associations. The idea of the associations was to create meaningful military units that would remain connected to their localities
    - - Peace group
        
        Denzil Holles
        
        aimed to be purely defensive within the war and wanted to reach a settlement with the king at any cost
        
        Feared the disorder and chaos caused by the war
      - Middle group
        
        Pym, oliver st john
        
        Employed an offensive strategy with their aim to negotiate a traditional constitutional settlement including the measures of 1641
        
        Believed the prosecution of the king through war was essential because of the distrust of the king
      - War group
        
        Haselrig
        
        Offensive strategy carried out by new generals if necessary
        
        No negotiation with the king and did not want a settlement but a change to the whole frame of the government
        
        Because they wanted to radically change the constitutional balance
      - the political divisions within parliament not effecting the efficiency of parliaments armies is mainly down to Gyms skilful political ability
    - - Likelihood of defeat
        
        Parliament was on the Blackfoot and there was calls for a 'flying army' that could be deployed anywhere they were needed
        
        parliament in this period of need indroduced the Impressment ordinance which gave parliament the legal right to conscript soldiers into the parliamentarian army. This helped but the Associations on the front foot
        
        Earl of Manchester (A skilful commander) was also put in charge of the Eastern association which was formiddable
  - - - Reasons for disunity
        
        Military setbacks, Earl of Essex was bogged down in the south-west and was becoming demoralised aligning himself with the peace party's calls
        
        Religious tensions, Surge in religious radicalism, caused by the religious debate caused by the covenant and the collapse of cencorship during the war.
        
        Fear of disorder, Many moderates believed the war was changing the nature of English society with ordinary soldiers from the rank and file being promoted into posisitions traditionally reserved for the higher social classes. People were also in fear of the future once the war was done and how things could possibly go back to the way they were
- - - - Political presbyterians
        
        Denzil holles + Earl of Essex
        
        wanted to conclude the war through negotiation with moderate terms
        
        Had a positive outlook on Scotland hoping the covenant could lead to some sort of unification between the two kingdoms
        
        Didn't want religion to become to disorderly within society
      - Political independents
        
        Cromwell, Oliver st john
        
        Wanted to win through a military victory and firm limitations on the king to be agreed before the NMA would be disbanded
        
        Saw Scotland as a strategic alliance, useful as a war tool but an ongoing shared government with them was not desirable
        
        Looked for greater religious freedom
      - overall political presbyterians were stronger within the country at large due to the cost of war becoming an increasing burden with the high taxes
        
        Disorder rising amongst the rank and file of the armies as they were steadily being paid less
        
        Gentry saw there authority threatened by the dominance of parliaments men
  - - - Kings surrender to the Scots
        
        April 1646, parliament troops were advancing on Oxford and Charles fled in disguise and handed himself in to the Scottish army
        
        Charles had extracted promises from the Scottish that ensured his safety
        
        Travelled up to Newcastle in the custody of the scots
      - The preposistions of Newcastle
        
        July 1646, drawn up by parliament with the majority being political presbyterians
        
        the settlement was dispatched to Newcastle and given to then king
        Content
        
        religion, Charles was to accept the establishment of presbyterianism in England for three years
        
        Militia, parliament was to control the militia for 20 years
        
        Parliament, The triennial act was to remain, guaranteeing regular parliaments to limit monarchical power
        
        Royalists, 58 leading royalists would be punished however the rest would be pardoned
        
        Kings response
        
        Charles cringed onto the hope that divisions within parliament would create instability allowing him to reassert his authority as the monarch
        
        By the Winter 1646 Charles continued to use delayed tactics pushing England and Scotland into more dramatic attempts to reach the settlement
    - - Scottish attempt to reach a settlement
        
        March 1646, Murray put a peace treaty on behalf of Scotland in front of the king, when the treaty of Newcastle looked less and less likely to be signed Murray brought the treaty back into his consideration
        
        His refusal exasperated the Scots and they began to look how they could get him off of their hands
      - Reaching a deal with the English parliament
        
        Scots offered the king in exchange for 400,000
        17th December 1646, Scots passed a final resolution: Scotland would promise to support the king and his monicharcial role
        
        Only if they king subscribed to the covenant and the Nineteen preposistions
        
        Immediate consequences of the kings response
        
        The king still refused to reach an agreement with the Scottish parliament and so the Scottish rid themselves of the king in exchange for the money and all Scottish soldiers returned to Scotland