Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY MPU3122m - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1) Common nouns for example man, animal, house.
      - 2) Proper nouns for example Ali, Sungai Petani, Kedah.
      - 3) Concrete nouns for example can be perceived by the senses (Boleh dirasai oleh pancaindera) like head, table, house.
      - 4) Abstract nouns refers to quality, characteristic, idea – beauty,
        love, honesty
      - 5) Collective nouns refer to a group like a team, class, or crowd. For example a stud of horses, an army of ants.
    - - For the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an –s. For example The senator’s comments player’s turn
      - For the possessive of a plural noun ending in –s, add only the apostrophe. For example Girls' teams, the winners' trophy
      - Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns or with the possessive pronoun whose. (Jangan gunakan apostrof dengan kata ganti nama diri posesif). For example
        INCORRECT: We thought the top score was her’s.
        CORRECT: We thought the top score was hers.
      - To form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun, add an apostrophe and an –s. (Untuk membentuk pemilikan yang tidak pasti kata ganti nama, tambah apostrof dan –s). For example Everyone’s vote counts equally.
      - Form the possessive of only the last word in a hyphenated word, in the name of an organization or a business firm, or in a word group showing joint possession. (hanya yang terakhir
        perkataan dalam perkataan sempang)
        For example, my father-in-law’s hobby, Lewis and Clark’s expedition
  - - - 1) Personal pronouns
        
        Singular for
        1 person: I, me, my, mine
        2 people: you, your, yours
        3 people: he, his, him, she, her,
        hers, it, its
        
        Plural for
        1 person: we, our, ours, us
        2 people: you, your, yours
        3 people: they, their, theirs, them
      - 2) Reflexive pronouns
        
        –self or –selves is added to the appropriate
        personal pronouns
        
        Reflexive (The pronoun stands alone)
        For example, Ali hurt himself.
      - 3) Intensive pronouns
        
        –self or –selves is added to the appropriate
        personal pronouns
        
        Intensive (The pronoun is next to another noun or pronoun)
        For example, Ali himself was not hurt.
      - 4) Relative pronouns
        
        Introduces a dependent clause in a
        sentence. Like who, whose, whom, which, that.
        
        For example,
        
        Ali called the boy who cried in the hall
        
        Ali pick up the rubbish that his brother scattered on the floor
      - 5) Interrogative pronouns
        
        Introduces a question. Like who, whom, whose, which, what
        
        For example,
        
        Who wants to go home early?
        
        Which one of you went home early?
      - 6) Demonstrative pronouns
        
        Points out a person, a place, a thing, or an
        idea. Like this, that, these, those
        
        For example,
        
        This is our favorite fishing spot
        
        Those are the boys from Johor
      - 7) Indefinite pronouns
        
        Refers to a person, place, idea, or thing that may or may not be specifically named. For example all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, something, such
  - - - About, Above, Across, After, Against, Along, Among, Around
      - at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond
      - but (concerning), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in
  - - - coordinating conjunctions:
        
        Connects words or groups of words used in the same way
        
        For example, and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
      - correlative conjunctions: - Are pairs of conjunctions that connect words or groups of words used in the same way. - For example, Both... and, Either... or, Neither... but, Whether... or
      - subordinating conjunctions: - Begins a subordinate (dependent) clause and connects it to an independent clause. - For example, after, although, as, as if, as much as, as though, as well as, because, before, even though, how, if, in order that, provided, since, so that, then, that, though, unless, unit, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while, why.
  - - - A transitive verb is an action verb that
        takes an object. A word that tells who or
        what receives the action. The object is either a noun or a pronoun.
        For example, Everyone cheered the football team.
      - An intransitive verb is an action verb that
        does not take an object.
        For example,
        -The gorilla smiled.
        -Suddenly, the child next door
        screamed.
- - - - Tells about an action or state of being that is
        happening NOW.
        For example:
        
        I walk to school
        
        She walks to school
        
        They go to school by bus
        
        To form the present tense, keep the basic form of
        the verb or add S / ES
        For example:
        
        They walk to school.
        
        Jamilah walks to school.
        
        They kiss the dog.
        
        Albert kisses his dog.
        
        The boy throws the ball to the girl
        
        The girl catches the ball
        
        Sore tambah 's'
    - - Tells about an action or state of being that was
        completed in the past
        For example:
        
        I worked in the apple farm 30 years ago
        
        She was in the apple farm last year
        
        To form the past tense, add ED to the end of the
        verb
        For example:
        
        I laugh (present) ----- I laughed (past)
        
        Joy walks (present) ----- joy walked (past)
      - The simple past tense irregular verbs do not follow the usual rules and do not add -ed to form the past tense.
        For example:
        
        I went to the farm last year (go)
        
        I met Lucy at the farm (meet)
        
        I threw a rotten apple at her (throw)
        
        She caught the apple (catch)
    - - Tells about an action or state of being that will
        happen in the future. It has a main verb and a helping verb
      - Forms of FUTURE TENSE
        
        will
        
        Add will or shall (helping verb) to the main verb.
        For example:
        
        I shall write a letter to the manager of the farm (write main verb)
        
        She will sleep soundly in the new bed (sleep main verb)
        
        It is used for predictions, determinations and promises.
        For example:
        -Tony will get married when he finds the right woman.
        
        I will learn English.
        
        It is used when you decide to do something in the future at the moment you are speaking.
        For example:
        
        Do you want to take a break?
        
        No, I’ll take it later.
        
        be going to
        
        It is used for predictions and guesses.
        For example:
        
        Maybe it is going to be hot again tomorrow.
        
        It is used for future plans already made.
        For example:
        
        I’m going to visit my family next month.
        
        present progressive
        
        can be used for future intentions or plans already made.
        For example:
        
        We are moving to Texas next year.
        
        simple present
        
        Can have a ‘future’ function. It is used for schedule plans in the future.
        For example:
        
        Kathy works tomorrow from 9:00 to 5:00.
        
        The bus leaves at 3:00 p.m.
  - - - 1) Present progressive tense/ continuous
        
        Form of a verb expresses action or a condition that is continuing in the present.
        For example: Althea is finishing her song.
        Form consists of the helping verb am, are, or is and the present
        participle of the main verb.
        For example:
        
        I am watching
        
        We are watching
      - 2) Past progressive / continuous
        
        Form of a verb expresses action or a condition that was continuing at some time in the past.
        For example:
        
        We were watching a scary show.
        
        Form consists of the helping verb was or were and the present participle.
        For example:
        
        I was working
        
        We were working
      - 3) Future progressive
        
        1) will be + present participle
        For example:
        
        I
        
        You
        
        We
        
        They + will be looking for a house.
        
        He
        
        She
        
        It
        
        2) going to be + present participle
        For example: ( going to be looking for a house)
        
        I am
        
        You
        
        We + are
        
        They
        
        He
        
        She + is
        
        It
        
        It is used to talk about actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
        For example:
        
        Peter will be looking for a job next month.
        
        Rosie is going to be running this Sunday.
        
        (Will be + ving is used more often than be going to be + ving.)
        Will be + ving is used to ask questions more politely.
        For example:
        
        Will you be going home soon?
        
        Will your husband be helping you?
        
        Future progressive + time clause. Use the future progressive in the main clause. Use the simple present in the time clause. For example: - Jane will be shopping (main clause) while her husband watches TV (time clause)
  - - - 1) Present perfect tense
        
        A verb expresses action that happened at an indefinite time in the
        past.
        Combine the present tense of the verb "to have + past participle of the main verb"
        For example:
        
        The boy has jogged for many hours.
        
        They have watched the movie five times.
        
        Helping verb have or has and the past participle of the main
        verb.
        For example:
        I, we, you, they have watched
        He has watched
      - 2) Past perfect tense
        
        Expresses action that happened before another action or event in the past.
        Often used in sentences that contain a past-tense verb in another part of the sentence.
        For example:
        
        The actors had rehearsed for many weeks.
        
        We had just arrived when the play started.
        
        Helping verb had and the past participle of the main verb.
        For example:
        
        I had started
        
        We had started
      - 3) Future perfect tense
        
        Used to describe an event that is expected or
        planned to happen.
        The helping verb will have, the action will start soon and continue into the future.
        For example: -
        
        John will have gone to the grocery store this afternoon.
        
        I will have been in Singapore for five months by the time I leave.
    - - Present Perfect Tense Verbs
        
        HAVE or HAS + past tense verb.
        The action started in the past but is still going on now or has
        recently been finished.
        
        Past Perfect Tense Verbs
        
        HAD plus a past tense verb.
        
        The action started in the past and was finished in the past. It’s
        over! It’s past!
        
        Future Perfect Tense Verbs
        
        WILL HAVE plus a past tense verb.
        
        The action will start soon and continue into the future. It will
        stop at a specific time.
- - - - CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
        
        To add a similar, equal idea: besides, also, furthermore, too, in addition, as well & moreover
        
        To add an unexpected or surprising idea: however, nevertheless, nonetheless & still
        
        To add a complete contrast: on the other hand & in contrast
        
        To give an alternative possibility: otherwise
        
        To add an expected result: accordingly, consequently, therefore, as a result, hence & thus.
        
        To add an example: for example & for instance.
        
        For example: - Bob is handsome moreover, he is rich.
      - COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
        FOR
        AND
        NOR
        BUT
        OR
        YET
        SO
        For example: - Beng Hee swims, and Nicol plays squash.