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Section 6: Experiments in government and society 1648-1660 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Royalism in England
        
        Execution of King created unprecedented governmental vacuum, country largely not prepared for.
        
        Majority of Political Nation remained attached to idea of monarchical government, evidenced by how charge against the king was limited to Charles, not the office itself
        
        Very little desire expressed to create republic
        
        Even among regicides, an overwhelming majority had signed with weighty reluctance
        
        Very few truly republican
        
        Provided significant problem as no obvious solution to vacuum on throne.
        
        Prince Charles fled England 1645, by 1648 was living in The Hague.
        
        Although wanted to become King Charles II, tarnished by close involvement in military and political manoeuvres of his father and Catholicism of his mother
        
        Army and the Rump were ready to embark on republican experiment, but country broadly monarchical in impulse but not supportive of Charles Stuart
        
        Small subset of population promoted cause for Prince Charles, these made the Rump of a Royalist party
        
        Execution of Royalist leaders
        
        Likelihood of military Royalist revival that would challenge dominance of the Rump Parliament and bring about accession of Charles II reduced after five veteran Royalist leaders were executed 9 March for role in Civil Wars
        
        Henry Rich, Earl of Holland, James Hamilton (1st Earl of Argyll) and Arthur Capell (1st Baron Capell of Hadham) among those
        
        Challenges faced by Charles Stuart
        
        With backbone of militant royalism broken, Prince Charles looked to his father's other kingdoms for support, but faced challenges:
        
        From exile in Dutch Republic, he found it difficult to coordinate military action
        
        He had little financial support
        
        He could not readily build a court because he did not have a permanent base
        
        His ability to command authority was reduced and continues to dwindle as his difficult circumstances remained
        
        Irish and Scots saw opportunity to renegotiate their constitutional balance as price for their loyalty to Crown
        
        Royalism in Scotland
        
        Situation different in Scotland
        
        After Regicide the Rump swiftly passed measures to abolish the monarchy in England and Ireland, but not in Scotland
        
        The Scots rejected the English Parliaments proposal to break the union and to launch Scotland as an entirely independent kingdom, albeit under the rule of Charles I's son
        
        Instead Scots stuck to Covenant, interpreting it as a moral and religious obligation that bound them to the restoration of Charles II as 'the righteous heir and lawful successor to the kingdoms of Britain and Ireland by the providence of God and by the lawful right of undoubted succession and descent'
        
        As the Scottish Royalist James Graham, Marquis of Montrose, affirmed to Prince Charles, 'I desired to live only to serve your father and I swear I am prepared to die in your service'
        
        The Scots interpretation would open war between Scotland and England over the future of Britain
        
        Conditions placed on Charles Stuart by the Scots
        
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        Royalism in Ireland
        
        Marquis of Ormond relatively successful in negotiating a settlement in Ireland on behalf of the King when he had returned to Ireland Oct 1648
        
        17 Jan 1649 - he concluded an Agreement that brought together Confederates and Protestant Royalists into one movement, loyal to the Stuart Monarchs
        
        Death of Charles I didn't affect Agreement as terms were transferred to Charles Stuart who was immediately proclaimed rightful King of Ireland by Ormond
        
        Terms of Second Ormond Agreement included:
        
        'Full assurance' Catholics in Ireland would have equality with Irish Protestants, until King could discuss all issues including:
        
        Freedom of Worship for Catholics as well as Protestants
        
        Lifting of the ban for Catholics of holding military and political office
        
        Dissolution of Confederate Government
        
        Restructuring of Irish-Royalist Army, with Ormond at its head
        
        Cromwell's Irish Campaign
        
        Cromwell maintained strict control over the 12,000 strong Parliamentary army, adequately paid and properly equipped
        
        August 1649, landed in Ireland, in 9 months had comprehensively defeated Ormond's forces, but at the cost of a devastating and enduring legacy
        
        Massacres of Drogheda and Wexford
        
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