Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
ENGLISH CLASS - Coggle Diagram
ENGLISH
CLASS
L7 - QUESTION WORDS
Why - reason
How - condition
How long - period of time (since/for)
How often - frequency (normally, sometimes)
How many - contable (a few, few, a lot of, lots of, many, enough)
How much - uncontable (a little, little, a lot of, lot of, much, some)
What - action, things
Who - person
Whom - person + preposition
For whom, by whom, at whom
"For whom are you cooking?"
Whose - possesion
Whose movie, book, car
"Whose book is this"
When - time
Where - location
Which - choice
L5 - PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PC)
(now/temporary)
PC TIME MARKERS
PC - Future
Next week, month, tomorrow
PC - Showing irritation
All the time, always
PC - Spontaneous exclamation
Look! Hey! Watch out Stop!
PC - Specific moment
Now, today, this week, on +day
PC - Trend
"Way the things are changing"
PC - STRUCTURE
Int: (WH) + to be + subject + present participle
When am I working? // Where Are you working? // Why is he working?
Neg: Subject + to be + not + present participle
I am not working // You are not working // He is not working
Aff: Subject + to be + present participle
I am working // You are working // He is working
SPELLING
most verbs add ing
eat - eating
walk - walking
drop ie
add y
lie - lying
tie - tying
drop e
use - using
take - taking
double last letter
clap - clapping
sit - sitting
STATIVE VERBS
(only PS)
describe a state (mental, emotion), or condition
want, like, have, need
L6 - PRESENT SIMPLE (PS)
(general/permanent)
PS TIME MARKERS
PS - Routine
Every day/week/month, on + days
PS - Habitual action
Frequency: always 100%, usually 90%, normally 80%, often 70%, sometimes 50%, ocasionally 30%, seldom 10%, hardly ever / rarely 5%, never 0%
PS - Present opinion
Think, guess, like, want
PS - Fact
100% true
PS - Present personal information
To be (your personal information)
PS - Scheduled events
Time, hours, dates
PS STRUCTURE
Aff: Subject + base verb + complement
I work // You work // He works
Neg: Subject + do/does + not + base verb + complement
I don't work // You don't work // He doesn't work
Int: (WH) + do/does + subject + base verb + complement
When do I work? // Where do you work? // Why does he work?
SPELLING
(verbs in affirmative 3º person)
most verbs add "s"
work - works
sleep - sleeps
cook - cooks
verbs ending s, ss, sh, ch, x: add "es"
kiss - kisses
wash - washes
teach - teaches
fix - fixes
verb ending y before consonant: drop "y" and add "ies"
study - studies
try - tries
irregular verbs*
go - goes
do - does
have - has
COMMON MISTAKES
TENSE
Use PC instead PS
VERB FORM
Put "s" on verb for subject: I, you, we, they
Forget put "s" on verb for subject: He, she, it
SPELLING
Trys >> Tries
Flys >> Flies
MISSING WORD
Forget do/does on interrogative/negative phrase
L11 - COMPARATIVES x SUPERLATIVIES
COMPARATIVES - ER/IER // MORE
WHEN YOU COMPARE TWO THINGS
SHORT STRUCUTRE
SUBJ + TO BE + ADJ+ER/IER +
THAN
+ SUBJ2
LONG STRUCTURE
SUBJ + TO BE + MORE/LESS + ADJ +
THAN
+ SUBJ2
AS...AS
EXAMPLES
MARY IS AS TALL AS JANE
THIS RED RULER IS NOT AS LONG AS THE BLUE ONE
SUPERLATIVES - EST/IEST // MOST
WHEN YOU HAVE THREE
OR MORE OPTIONS
LONG STRUCUTRE
SUBJ + TO BE +
THE
MOST/LEAST + ADJ + SUBJ2
SHORT STUCTURE
SUBJ + TO BE +
THE
ADJ+EST/IEST + COMPLEMENT
SPELLING
COMPARATIVE
most verbs ad +ER
when end "y", drop y ad + IER
SUPERLATIVE
most verbs ad +EST
when end "y", drop y ad + IEST
TOPICS
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
GOOD >> BETTER >> BEST
BAD >> WORSE >> WORST
MANY >> MORE >> MOST
LITTLE >> LESS >> LEAST
WORDS
ANOTHER - SINGULAR
OTHER - PLURAL
OTHERS - THINGS (generic)
GRADUAL INCREASE
SHORT: SUBJ + TO BE + GETTING + ADJ+ER AND ADJ+ER
The passing time is getiting faster and faster
.
LONG: SUBJ + TO BE + GETTING + MORE AND MORE + ADJ
*The cost of life is getting more and more expensive in Brazil
L13 & L15 - MODAL VERBS
STRUCTURE
AFF: SUBJECT + MODAL + VERB + COMPLEMENT
I CAN TRAVEL TO SP NEXT WEEK
INT: (WH) MODAL + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT
WHEN CAN YOU FIX MY NOTEBOOK?
NEG: SUBJECT + MODAL + NOT + VERB + COMPLEMENT
I CAN NOT WORK TODAY
MAIN MODAL VERBS
CAN
(abilitiy, permission, possibilities)
COULD
(ability-past, permission-formal, offer)
MAY
(pedido, possibility, permission - more probabilities)
MIGHT
(possibility - less probabilities)
WOULD
(wishes, offer)
love, like, hate
SHOULD
- Recommendation (present)
SHOULD HAVE
- Recommendation (past)
TO BE SUPPOSED TO
- Expectation
MUST
- Obligation
MUST NOT
- Prohibition
HAVE / HAS TO
- It is necessary
DON'T / DOESN'T HAVE TO
- It is not necessary
RULES (MISTAKES)
TOPICS
LEVES OF ABILITIY
LIKE A PRO - 100%
VERY WELL - 80%
PRETTY WELL - 60%
A LITTLE - 40%
AT ALL - 0%
PROBABILITIES
MAYBE - 80%
PROBABLY - 60%
PERHAPS - 40%
L16 - PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (PPS)
(connects past and present)
Structure
Aff: Subject + have/has + Verb past form + complement
I have worked // You have worked // He has worked
Neg: Subject + have/has + not + verb past form + complement
I haven't worked // You haven't worked // He hasn't worked
Int: (WH) Have/has + subject + verb past form + complement
When have I worked? // Where have you worked // Why has he worked?
PPS Time makers
The action is over, the time is not over
Life experience (already, ever, never)
Int: Have/has + subj + ever/never + compl
Very recent events (already, yet, recently, lately, and just)
Cause and consequence (past simples + pps)
Rules/Tips
Have:
I, You, We, They
Has:
He, She, It
Already:
positive sentence
Yet:
negative sentence, end phrases
L12 - FUTURE WILL x GOING TO
FS TIME MARKERS
L1 - ARTICLES
L2 - NUMBERS
L3 - GENETIVE CASE
L4 - PREPOSITIONS
L8 - P Simp x P Cont
L9 - SUBJECT, ADJECTIVE, PRONOUNS
L10 - DYNAMIC VERBS