Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

U.S. Language Policy Timeline - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A political cartoon on the 14th Amendment Section 2 by E.W. Kemble.
        
        Citation: “Congress - 14th Amendment 2nd Section / Kemble.” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2004679121.
  - - - Citation: “Proceedings of Institutes : Indian School Service, 1897 : Held at Omaha, Nebraska, July 12-17, Ogden, Utah, July 19-24, Portland, Oregon, August 2-7.” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/99197939.
        
        Ciricahua Apaches at the Carlisle Indian School, Penna., 188-?: as they looked upon arrival at the School.
        
        Citation: “[Ciricahua Apaches at the Carlisle Indian School, Penna., 188-?: As They Looked Upon Arrival at the School].” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3a51829.
    - - Plessy v. Ferguson was a monumental Supreme Court case that set the idea of “separate but equal” leading to several further decades of racial segregation and Jim Crow Laws. This case ruled that blacks and whites were legally required to have separate accommodations, including schools. Despite the “separate but equal” ruling, black accommodations were almost never as nice as white ones were.
        
        Citation: “Plessy V. Ferguson (1896).” National Archives, 8 Feb. 2022, www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/plessy-v-ferguson.
        
        A sign dictating the “colored” waiting room at a Greyhound bus station.
        
        Citation: “A Greyhound Bus Trip From Louisville, Kentucky, to Memphis, Tennessee, and the Terminals.” The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/resource/fsa.8d33355.
      - 4) 1954 Brown v. Board – U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declares that segregation of students violates their constitutional rights
        
        Brown v. The Board of Education was a historical Supreme Court case that ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional due to the 13th and 14th Amendment. This case allowed students of various races go to school in the same building. This was due to the fact that previously schools were not “separate but equal” and black schools had much less funding and archaic educational tools.
        
        Citation: "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1)." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483. Accessed 11 Feb. 2023.
        
        Ruby Bridges was the first black student to attend a white school.
        
        Citation: Ruby Bridges, 1960. Gelatin silver print. New York World-Telegram and Sun Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (148) Digital ID # cph 3c26460
        
        5) 1964 Civil Rights Act
        
        The Civil Rights Act was a law passed by congress that made discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin illegal. This was a monumental part of American history, as for the first time, all American citizens were equal under the eyes of the law. This meant that the country would desegregate, Jim Crow Laws were now illegal, and that citizens could share the same accommodations. Although Brown v. The Board of education ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional, schools were legal desegregated.
        
        Citation: “Legal Highlight: The Civil Rights Act of 1964.” U.S. Department of Labor, www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-1964.
        
        Martin Luther King speaks at a press conference at the U.S. Capitol about the Senate debate on the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
        
        1 more item...
        
        6) 1974 Equal Education Opportunities Act – requires schools to overcome barriers to equal participation in public education
        
        The Equal Education Opportunities Act was a civil rights law that kept schools from discriminating against students on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin. Not only did this law protect students from discrimination, but it also required public schools to provide support for students that do not speak English. This law was in response to many schools still failing BIPOC students and non-English speakers.
        
        Citation: “H.R. 40 - Equal Educational Opportunities Act.” Congress.gov, www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/house-bill/40. Accessed 11 Feb. 2023.
        
        1 more item...
        
        7) 1974 Lau v. Nichols –U.S. Supreme Court rules that English-Only instruction is violation of civil rights to ELL students.
        
        Lau v. Nichols was a California court case arguing that ELL students were not receiving the education they needed. San Francisco took in many Chinese immigrant students into their school system, however, less than half of the students were receiving English learning classes despite all classes being held in English. This court case ruled that English-only instruction was in violation of ELL students’ civil rights.
        
        Citation: "Lau v. Nichols." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-6520. Accessed 11 Feb. 2023.
        
        1 more item...
        
        8) 1981 Castaneda v. Pickard – establishes standards for compliance with Lau v. Nichols
        
        Despite previous court rulings and laws, Mexican-American students in Texas were being discriminated against as well as segregated. Students were also not receiving English language learning as legally required by Lau v. Nichols. This court ruling set the standards for ELL student programs and teachings.
        
        1 more item...
        
        9) 1982 Plyer v. Doe – U.S. Supreme Court rules that Texas can NOT exclude undocumented children from attending public schools.
        
        2 more items...