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Becoming a Sapiens - Coggle Diagram
Becoming a Sapiens
Hominids
homo sapiens
: 300 000 years ago to today
homo: man
sapien: wise
"sapien" reminds me of "syrup", so imagine that eating syrup gives you the superpower of becoming wise
homo neanderthalensis
: lived from around 500 000 - 100 000 years ago
neanderthalensis: skull discovered in Germany in 1856
Neander Valley
tal: valley in German
homo heidelbergensis
: lived around 300 000 - 600 000 years ago
Heidelbergensis - of Heidelberg (Germany)
a fossil jawbone of the species found near the city in 1907
.."gensis" reminds me of "genes", so think that it's just something that has German "genes" (no specific latin meaning (?))
homo erectus
: around 1.9 - 1.2 million years ago
Erectus: Upright
homo naledi
: from 2.5 - 500 000 million years ago
australopithecus sediba
: lived between 1.95-1.78 million years ago.
Australis: southern
the word looks like "austrailia" and austrailia is in the south
Pithekos: Ape
"pithekos" sounds like "pick at..." and apes/monkeys are sometimes known for picking/cleaning each other (?)
homo rudolfensis
: from around 2.5 million to 1.7 million years ago
homo habilis
: lived 2.4 million to 1.4 million years ago
habilis: "handy"
homo ergaster:
from 1.5 - 1.9 million years ago
australopithecus boisei
: from 2.5-1.5 million years ago
australopithecus robustus
: from 1.5-1.7 million years ago
australopithecus aethiopicus
: from 2.2 - 2.6 million years ago
Australopithecus africanus
: from 2.2 - 3 million years ago
australopithecus garhi
: from 2.51 - 2.48 million years
kenyathropus platyops
: from 3.3 - 3.5 million years ago
platus: flat in Greek
opsis: face in Greek
australopithecus anamensis
: from 3.9 to 4 million years ago
australopithecus afarensis
: from around 3.8 - 2.9 million years ago
australopithecus bahrelghazali
- from around 3.5 - 3.49 million years ago
Homo sapiens and early human migration article
Homo sapiens is a part of group called hominids
humanlike creatures
thought the types of hominids were diverse, they all shared the trait of walking on two legs
Evolution
one of the theories of hominid evolution, is because early hominids were more suited to dry climates
then Africa's dry savannah expanded
according to
savannah hypothesis
hominids used to live in trees of forests, but then the savannah expanded
pushed out of their homes because of environmental changes
brain capacities increased through evolution
approximately 2.3 million years ago:
homo habilis
began making and using simple tools
around a million years ago, some hominid species (especially
homo erectus
) moved to Eurasia
making "innovations" like controlling fire/making their own fire and using it
homo erectus
are known for standing upright
began migrating to Eurasia (Europe and Asia) around 70 000 and 100 000 years ago
reached Australia
by canoe
, between 35 000 and 65 000 years ago
reason of extinction of other hominids (and homo sapiens surviving) may be because they had trouble fighting for food, dealing with different climes, and volcanic eruptions
Cognitive Revolution
What changed in our brain?
working with abstract ideas: intangible ideas
thinking "ahead" - creating a future by comparing the present with the past
imaginative thinking: creating things from imagination
complex language: widespread use of symbols
Pleistocene Ice Age
created a
land bridge
connecting Asia and North America (Alaska)
a widely accepted migration theory is that the people crossed the land bridge to migrate to North and South America
over 13 000 years ago
how were the people able to migrate?
the creation and development of
language
helped with making plans, solving problems, and organizing
effectively
generally, the development of language helped the people move forward with completing tasks together and communicating needs
being able to communicate also helped with assessing together whether it would be better to leave their homes, or stay and avoid the risks of trying to move elsewhere
why did they make the decision to leave their homes?
maybe because resources like food were becoming scarce
Adaptations and Effects on Nature
when they moved to colder climates, began making clothing out of animal skin
also used fire to stay warm
often continuously used fire throughout winter
made more sophisticated weapons/tools
to kill large animals efficiently
because they've been using large mammals as prey, there was a point where they much less mammals to use as prey
these hunting methods took part in the extinction of large mammals
made semi-permanent homes using earth's natural resources
beginning of agriculture
beginning of community
Human Migration
Africa to Middle East: 100 000 y.a (years ago)
To India and China: 70 000 y.a.
to Austrailia: 50 000 y.a.
to Central and Western Europe: 40 000 y.a.
to Siberia: 25 000 y.a.
to the Americas: 15 000 y.a.
Why spread out to different areas? Possible reason for migration
climate changes
overpopulation/not enough food to "go around"/competition of food
social interation theory
Interaction with other Homo
Neanderthalensis in Europe (disappears around 40 000 y.a.
Erectus in Asia (links: "Java Man", "Pekin Man") - 100 to 70 000 y.a.