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Evaluation into explanations of forgetting - Coggle Diagram
Evaluation into explanations of forgetting
Context
Half of the underwater group remained there and the others had to recall on the beach
When they were asked to recall the words half of the beach learners remained on the beach, the rest had to recall underwater
The results show that those who had recall in the same environment which that had learned recalled 40% more words than those recalling in a different environment
One group did this on a beach and the other group underwater
Baddeley asked deep-sea divers to memorise a list of words
Shows that in order for information to be recalled the context in which encoding happens must be the same as recall
This study supported the importance of setting for forgetting by failure of retrieval
This supports Tulving' idea of the encoding specificity principle
Supporting evidence: Baddeley- 1975
However, these findings are inconsistent- only occurred when the divers had to free-recall items learned
When given a recognition test, the context based effect wasn't seen- suggests that cue-dependent can't explain all forms of forgetting
State
This research also has an economic impact- if we can better understand how memory works then we can help people to learn and remember key information better
Showing the importance of internal cues of forgetting
For example, when they hid money and alcohol when drunk, they were unable to find them sober- however, when they were drunk again, they often discovered the hiding place
This will improve their efficiency in school or at work
They found that when people encoded information when drunk, they were more likely to recall it in the same state
For example, employers could use cues at work to help staff remember important details in complex areas where a lot needs to be remembered
Study investigated the effect of alcohol on state-dependent retrieval
This allows them to work more efficiently and more economically- making more money
Supporting evidence: Goodwin et al (1969)- supports internal states can affect retrieval
Alternative theories into context
Craik and Lockhart
Proposed the levels of processing theory- suggested that remembering is not actually to do with rehearsal
It is more to do with how you take the information in
They suggested that iconic encoding is processed at a shallow level and is most likely to be forgotten whereas semantic information is encoded at a deeper level and is less likely to be forgotten
Alternative studies into State
They found that when the conditions where there was a mismatch between the internal state at learning and recall- memory accuracy was worse
Participants had to learn a list of words and passages of prose and then recall the information, this again created four conditions
This creates an internal physiological state different form then the 'normal' state of being awake and alert
Carter and Cassaday (1998)- gave participants anti-histamine drugs which created a mild sedative effect