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Lexical Features of Translation, Phraseological termsl - Coggle Diagram
Lexical Features of Translation
Americanisms
Orthography
(spelling )
exampe:Labour (UK) ~ Labor (US) Taxi (US)~ Cab (UK)
Lexical
composition
адвокат attorney USA - barrister, solicitor UK. капюшон hood USA - bonnet UK. ствол trunk USA - boot UK.
Gremmer
Omission of "Should" They suggested that I (should) do it myself.
Past participle: wanna - want to
Present Perfect~ Past Simple
I (have) recently eatn.
Not following the rule of fence agreement He said he is feeling bad.
Different word order (adv. come before a V. He then asked for another appointment.
Past Simple ~ Past Perfect After he (had) came back, he ate dinner.
Different use of prepositions and articles On the street (US) – in the street (UK) One thing or the other (US) – one thing or other thing (UK)
Translation of international and pseudo-international
International
words
Similar in spelling and sound
Express socio political and scientific concepts: institution,conference, geology, press
Pseido international words (also friends of translatior)
Words that look alike, but have different meaning
Prospect - вид, Object - цель, Accurate -Песочный
Translation of
headings
New words that haven't been registered in dictionaries
Consult the last edition of dictionaries
On the basis of its structure
From the context
Formation
1) expanding the meaning
"Confrontation" originally meant "очная ставка" Nowadays it is "столкновение" "противостояние"
2) Prefixal and suffixal formation of new words
The prefix "re" stands for the repetition Rethinking переосмысливыние
The suffix "we" forms a noun Detainee - задержанный
3) by convertion, substantiation, adjectivation
To front page - помещать на первой странице. To snowball - быстро распространятья
Translation
Transcription, Transliteration, Calque, Descriptive translation
Translation of headings
Difficult to understand because:1) they violate linguistic norms, 2) realis and culture
Features of headlines
1) complete sentences are not common
2) It is necessary to read the article/1paragraph to understand
3) certain words are omitted
Has a word combination with gerund/participle
The use word-play phrases
Colons and question marks to attract attention
Has a single noun or 2 or more N+N nouns
Headline is the phrase with which an article etc begins
Lexico-semantic transformations
Expansion
(generalisation)
Лечение оказалось успешным и она полностью выздоровела - The treatment turned to be successful and she recovered, Их понимание ситуации - their treatment of the situation
Narrowing
He's a man of taste - Он человек со вкусом. All the King's men - Все королевские солдаты
Semantics development (modulation)
I don't blame them- Я их понимаю, He's dead now - Он умер
Neutralizing:Девушка с большими глазами - cow-eyed girl
Emphatization: Волооокая красавица - cow-eyed girl
Functional
substitution
The relaxation of the well-earned rest -
наслаждаясь заслуженным отдыхом
Descriptive
translation
Кружало - krizhalo ( ring-shaped base of the cupola of the wooden church)
Commentary (more detaied translation)
Translation of context dependent words
Translation of context
independent words
The names of periodicals, streets, theatres
Transcription° Dawning Street-Даунинг Стрит
Geograpical
names
Transmitted in a mixed way° North Dako - Северная Дакота
Transcribed New Mexico -Нью-Мексико
Translated° Lake Superior -Озеро Верхнее
Proper names
°Transliteration° William - Уильям, Вильям
Company
names
Transcription° BBC - Би-би-си
The names of parties, govermental organisations
Translation: Conservative Party - консервативная партия
Translation of nonequivalent vocabulary
Phraseological
termsl
touch wood UK - knock on wood USA means: good luck IDEOMS.