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Geography Spring term-half term work - Coggle Diagram
Geography Spring term-half term work
Rivers and Coasts
Waterfall
At the bottom of the water poll there is a plunge pool
This is typically located in the upper-course of a river
The waterfall is a big area where water fall's of a small cliff
V-shaped valley
These valleys flood a lot because there is no where else for the water to go
These are also located in the upper course
A V-shaped valley is a small or big valley that is shaped like a V
Source of river
Typically located on higher parts of land- upper-course
The source of a river is the beginig/starting point of the river
Confluence
These are usually located at the upper course of a river
A confluence is two rivers joining together usually this does not happen
Tributary
These are usually found near a confluence or in the upper course
A tributary is where one small river and one big river meet
Meander
the Meander is found in the middle area of the lake.
a meander is when there is a windy area in the river and the water erodes the dirt away and then there is a straight path through the river.
Flood plain
these are found in the lower area of the river
a flood plain is a place where if it were to flood somewhere then the flood plain would flatten out the water and stop it from flooding
Estuary
These are usually at the end of the river and at the mouth
estuary's are bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea.
Delta
this is also found at the mouth
a delta is a place at the end of a river were there is a spread of tiny islands
Erosion Transportation and Deposition
Transportation is when a solution in the water is transported from one place to another one example of this is suspension when the water carries loads of little pieces of clay and rock with the currents pushing the rocks or clay through the water
Deposition is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice. Sediment can be transported as pebbles, sand and mud, or as salts dissolved in water.
Erosion is were water or wind hits an island or a grassy area and after a while breaks down then part of the island is gone and then it starts to fall or break down E.G : hydraulic action this is when water hits a cliff and slowly erodes it away
Coastal formations
Soft rock is usually a softer type or rock like clay or chalk that gets erode away a lot better than hard rock.
Hard rock is a type of rock like igneous and metamorphic rocks they are usually harder to erode away and overall are very hard rocks these are used for buildings and reinforcements.
How do arches, caves, stacks and stumps form?
Stacks form from arches eroding lots and the you are left with a big stack.
Stumps are formed from stacks cut at the base until it collapses to form a stump.
Arches form from erosion and how it erodes out the arch a cave is formed from a little crack in a rock getting bigger and bigger eventually forming a cave.
What is a wave cut notch?
Wave-cut platforms form when destructive waves hit against the cliff face, causing a cut between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of abrasion, corrosion and hydraulic action, creating a wave cut notch.
What is longshore drift
The movement of the sand when the waves approach the beach at an angle is called Long shore Drift.
What is a spit and how does it form
A spit is an extended stretch of beach that projects out to sea and is joined to the mainland at one end. Spits are formed where the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline, resulting in long shore drift .
Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Convection currents
Convection currents are where heat from the core makes magma in the mantle rise towards the crust. As the hot current nears the crust, it begins to cool and sink back towards the core. As the magma sinks, it drags the plates across the surface of the Earth.
Plate boundaries - destructive, constructive, sliding and collisions.
At a constructive plate margin/boundary the plates move apart from one another. When this happens the magma from the mantle rises up to make (or construct) new land in the form of a shield volcano. The movement of the plates over the mantle can cause earthquakes.
Sliding and colllisionsThe plates move towards one another and this movement can cause earthquakes and volcanoes. As the plates collide, the oceanic plate is forced beneath the continental plate. This is known as subduction and results in the formation of an ocean trench.
A destructive plate margin/boundary, usually involves an oceanic plate and a continental plate. The plates move towards one another and this movement can cause earthquakes.
The Earth's structure
Outer core
The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel.
Inner core
The inner core is in the centre and is the hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C.
Mantle
The mantle is the thickest section of the Earth at approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called magma.
Crust
The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. It is a thin layer between 0 - 60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live. It is either continental or oceanic. The earth's crust is broken into plates
Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcano- are found on constructive plate margins, where two plates move away from one another. Shield volcanoes have the following characteristics:
Composite volcano- are found on destructive plate margins, where the oceanic crust sinks beneath the continental crust. Composite volcanoes have the following character
Immediate and long term effects of a volcano
Volcanoes have a large effect on their locality. They produce ash, lava, volcanic bombs , pyroclastic flows and lahars . Ash from large volcanoes has been known to affect global climates. The effects of volcanoes can be both positive and negative.
Immediate and long term effects of an earthquake.
Short-term or immediate - a response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened. Short-term responses mainly involve search and rescue and helping the injured.
Long-term - responses that go on for months and years after a disaster. It involves rebuilding destroyed houses, schools, hospitals, etc. It also involves kick-starting the local economy.
Preparing for a volcanic eruption, equipment used. How can an MEDC prepare and recover from a volcano / earthquake better than an LEDC?
MEDC's tend to be able to recover quickly from a natural disaster, due to having the investment and technology needed to return the area to as good as new as soon as possible. Because LEDC's often have to rely on aid from overseas, this quick recovery is often impossible for them.
Transport and Industry
Types / modes of transport.
by car you can use car to get to a place you need quickly but it pollutes the air and atmosphere.
Trains trains can get you to places very quickly and they don't necessarily pollute the atmosphere but you can not get straight to one place
by air you can transport things by using big planes such as cargo ships
Lorries
2.Why are transport links important?
Good transport links can encourage businesses to locate nearer to one another and bring them closer to their supply chain and share expertise. The increase in concentration of business economies helps improve performance and increases productivity.
What are the four types of industry - give examples of each.
Secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.
Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.
Primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming and fishing.
Quaternary industry involves research and development industries e.g. IT.
How and why does the employment structure change between MEDCs and LEDCs?
Employment structures change over time. Countries in the early stage of development usually have a high percentage of the population in primary employment. This is because most people are engaged in agricultural activities. As a country begins to develop an industrial base there is an increase in the secondary sector.
How can transport and industry be bad for the environment?
Transport also leads to releases of pollutants, which can spread beyond the reach of transport networks. They can contribute to background concentrations of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, affecting people, plants and animals and with more and more company's being created more transport links are required.
What is climate change? What can we do to reduce climate change?
As demand for energy increases, CO 2 levels are also increasing. ...
Invest in low carbon technologies such as solar panels and tidal energy. ...
Improve fuel standards in cars or buy electric cars, fewer fossil fuels and a reduction in CO 2 will reduce the greenhouse effect.
Climate Change is
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Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
How do bays form
When a stretch of coastline is formed from different types of rock, headlands and bays can form.
When the water pushes out in different directions creating a circle named a bay