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AC2.1 DESCRIBE BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIMINALITY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - PHYSICAL FEATURES
        
        CRIMINAL
        
        THIEVES
        
        RAPISTS
        
        MURDERERS
      - ATAVISM
      - INSANE CRIMINALS
      - EPILEPTIC CRIMINALS
  - - - ENDOMORPHS
      - ECTOMORPHS
      - MESOMORPHS
      - THIEVES
      - PAEDOPHILES
- - - - CHRISTIANSEN
      - ISHIKAWA AND RAINE
      - MONOZYGOTIC
      - DIZYGOTIC
    - - Its impossible to isolate and measure the effects of genes separately from environmental factors
      - In early studies, there was no way of being 100% certain if twins were MZ twins as DNA testing had not been developed
      - If genes were the only cause of criminality, MZ twins would show 100% concordance but studies show 1/2 or less
      - Parents are more likely to treat MZ twins as more alike than DZ twins. MZ twins may also feel closer than DZ twins, these environmental factors may produce more similarities in criminal behaviour
      - Higher concordance rate in MZ twins could be down to them sharing the same environment (home, school etc). This could be the cause for the similarities in the behaviour
    - - Twin studies support genetic explanations. Ishikawa & Raine found a higher concordance rate for identical (MZ) than for non identical (DZ) twins
      - MZ twins are genetically identical, it is logical to examine whether their offending behaviour is also identical
  - - - MEDNICK ET AL
      - HUTCHINGS AND MEDNICK
    - - Gottfredson & Hirschi (1993) adoption studies show genes have little effect on criminality
      - Many children are not adopted immediately after birth but remain with their biological family for some time. This early environment may be the true cause of their criminality
      - Adopted children are often placed in environments like their birth family (families of the same class, ethnicity, location). Therefore, similar environment may be the true cause of their criminality
    - - The research design is logical. It allows us to see the relative importance of nature (biological parents) vs nurture (adoptive parents)
      - Findings of adoption studies have given support to genetic explanations. They do show adoptees were more likely to have criminal records if their biological parents did
      - Adoption studies help to overcome one of issues with twin studies (that MZ twins are being brought up in the same environment)
  - - - Jacob et al found an association between XYY syndrome & offenders imprisoned for violent behaviour
      - Price & Whatmore found some links between the syndrome & property crime
    - - XYY males may be over represented in prison because they often have low intelligence & therefore are more likely to get caught. Samples therefore drawn from prisoners are skewed
      - XYY males are all tall/well built, so they fit the stereotype of 'violent offenders' & get labelled as such by police/courts, and so are more likely to get a prison sentence. As a result, XYY males are over represented in samples drawn from prisoners & this overstates the importance of the syndrome as a possible cause of crime
      - Even if some violent offenders have the syndrome, this doesnt prove this is the cause of their violence
      - The syndrome is very rare (1 in 1000 men), so it cannot explain much crime
- - - - PHINEAS GAGE
      - HENRY VIII
  - - - CHARLES WHITMAN