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MULTISTORE MODEL OF MEMORY - Coggle Diagram
MULTISTORE MODEL OF MEMORY
Atkinson + Shiffrin
A structural model which includes 3 separate stores
Information passes between stores in a linear way
Proposed the multi store memory model
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR STM + LTM BEING DIFFERENT STORES
Glanzer et al
- participants were tasked with recalling word lists with earlier + later words more likely to be recalled
This was known as the primacy + recency effect
This primacy effect occurs as the first words are transferred to LTM
Recency effect occurs as the last words are still within the STM
Delays of 10 seconds or more before recall resulted in only a primacy effect with inly LTM effected
This highlights the difference between STM + LTM which supports the MSM theory
Three separate stores
Short term memory (STM)
Rehearsal maintains information in the STM
But it is still vulnerable to being forgotten due to limited duration (decay)or being displaced by new incoming information due to limited capacity (displacement)
If rehearsed + processed deep enough through elaborative or maintenance rehearsal information then passes to the LTM store
STM encoding = acoustic with a capacity of 7+/-2 items
Duration = up to 18 seconds
Long term memory (LTM)
Unlimited capacity
Unlimited duration dependent on the level or processing of the information received
LTM coding is mainly semantic + based on meaning
Sensory memory (SM)
Includes several stores called sensory registers (SR)
Each SR processes information from a particular sense
Iconic register : processes vision
Echoic register: processes sound
Haptic register: processes touch
The SR is not under cognitive control + is the first storage system for incoming information
Information received is raw + unprocessed
The SR has a large capacity
Duration = milliseconds unless given focused attention in which case it will then move to the STM
EASILY TESTED TO VERIFY WHETHER IT APPLIES TO HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
The evidence supports the idea of STM + LTM being separate types of memory + it has been verified through the use of PET scans and FMRI scans when participants have been doing separate tasks related to STM + LTM
Prefrontal cortex = related to STM
Hippocampus = related to LTM
This supports the models idea of different memory stores
SOME RESEARCH INTO STM DURATION HAS LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
The stimuli that participants were trying to remember bear little resemblance to items learned in real life
E.g. nonsense trigrams like 'XQF' were being used to determine the duration of their STM
As the participants would never do this outside of a controlled environment, it is difficult to generalise the results to real life as we are unsure that they would react in the same way so results may be different
OVERSIMPLIFIED MEMORYY STRUCTURES + PROCESSES - SHALLICE ET AL
KF case study - patient who suffered brain damage which resulted in difficulty with verbal information in STM but normal ability with visual information
This highlights how STM is not a single store as the MSM
LTM may not be a single store either as Schachter et al proposed 4 different types of LTM stores; Semantic, Episodic, Procedural
Semantic:
memory for knowledge
Episodic:
memory of your own actions/what you did
Procedural:
such as riding a bike or learning to read
Perceptual-representation:
PRS - memory related to recognition of specific stimuli