Keswick Case study
Endogenous factors:
Location: NW Englandin the Northern Lake District
Climate: cool summers, mild winters and hig monthly rainfalls throughout the year
The age profile is significantly higher than England average (75-84 age bracket contains 9.6 percent of Keswicks population compared to 5.5 percent of Englands)
Shifting flows
Changing places
Nature and the importance of place
Categories of place
Near place - located geographically close to where someone lives, they experience it everyday and place which feels secure
Far place - distant places we see as foreign and unknown
Experienced place - places people have spent time in, when a person visits to lives in a place their experience shapes their sense of place
Media place - places we have created perception through their description in the media
External forces influence place-meaning
Global institutions e.g IMF/World bank
Sustainable development goals
TNCs
Movement of TNCs from developed to developing countries through deindustrialisation leads to unemployment, wealthier people moving out and can lead to social deprivation
Examples: In 2019 Honda offshore its production from the US to China
Government policices
Decide where money is invested (regeneration) i.e olympic park in Stratford
Creates employment, reduce poverty and change demographic
e.g China one child policy to reduce rapid population growth in 1969
From mining to tourism
20th century tourism became Keswicks biggest industry due to changing representations in media, better transport links
Employment change
Past and present connections
Forms of representation
Popularity derives from its artistic representations, driving the tourist industry
Art:
Artistic representation focuses on mountainous landcape
Poetry - early representations of literature started in early 1700s, the romantic poem wrote about the area positively, putting heavy emphasis on natural landscape and the concept of the area bring 'sublime'
Writers created tour guides to the area, which attracted tourists
Positive representations concerning the natural enviornment it did not translate into real lived experinences for some e.g. Shelley moved to the Keswick moved to Keswick after the Lake poets representations of the area but found it was ruined by the 'manufactures'
Caracterists of place
Location
A town of Royal borough, in greater London
Topography
Flat land, next to river Thames, near royal parks
Demographic
Economic
Representation of place
How globalisation has affected peoples experience of geographical distance - improvement in travel tech means far places are easier and quicker to access and can experience place more easily and frequently
Improvement in technology means people can be samiliar wit places through the media without experincing it
Forces of global capitalism have eroded local cultures and produced identical places e.g the increase of global chains such as Starbucks gloablly
Endogenous factors - internal factors which shape a places character i.e, the location and how well connected the place is, topography, land use, infastructure
Exogenous factors - external factors which shape the landcape and the relationship it has with other places i.e, demographic, socio-economic shifting flows of people, resources money and investment
flows of people e.g 37% of Londons population weren't born there and the bangles community infelucen the culture and food of brixton
Shifting flows of people
Flows of people can cause regional migration from rural and urban areas where there are more services available, in developing countries has changed levels of social inequality e.g. in India large-scale rural to urban migration has led to slums (illegal overcrowded settlement that lack basic services) developing in cities like Mumbai
Migrants may be younger to find work lowering average of age
new culture ideas i.e, brick lane evidence of chainin culture as streets signs are in Bangui
Shifting flows of investment and ideas
Flow of money, investment can introduced new culture ideas and change characterises of place e.g fas food companies from the US (Mcdonalds) opening in China resulting in western food having a larger influence on local culture food
investment into infrastructure can reduce social deprivation by providing more services
Shifting flows of investment
Flows of money can change demographic characterises e.g. in 1981 to redevelop the docklands in London to improve the economy resulted in population increase
Relationships and connections
Conflict due to change can arise when change is forces upon their place e.g. proposed housing estates, wind farms
Agents of chnange - people who impact on a place whether through living, working or trying to improve that place
Agents of change mini case studies
Bournville Village, Birmingham
Place shaped by beliefs and ideals on the industrial famailies
Built in 19th century as the family built their chocolate factory
Area provided sanitary living conditions for their employers
After development the physical appearance and community feel of the place remained the same and the area has little crime and large green spaces
Medellin Colombia
2nd largest city associated with drugs and violence
Branded with most dangerous city in the world
Drug lord Pablo had enormous power with his drug cartel which resulted in unemplyment, crime and poverty leading to social ineqaulaity
Today has become a model for urban regeneration and sustainable city planning
Focus on closing the gap between rich and poor rapid bus transport including 385 metre escalator to and from the once- notorious neighbourhood of Comuna
Gang violence will still remain high bit poverty rates have fallen, the inequality between rich and poor has increased
Place marketing is
Meaning and representation
Changing place meaning
Place marketing
Marketing or PR companies may be employed by national and local government to improve/ create positive perceptions of place
Weston-super-mare somerset
strategies included advertising e.g social media makreting
Rebranding - redveloped and marketing so a place gets a new identity and can include reimagine, place marketing and regeneration
Revive pre-exisitg but outdated place image, change a poor pre-existing place image
Associate a place with an event an international event
The ways in which a place is redeveloped and marketed so that it gains a new identity, can attract new investment
e.g Strattford regeneration, borough of newham
Newham 31% in 2010 to 8% in 2015
Previously deindustrialise area
3,000 creates new permanent jobs would be created this event
Disadvatnges of rebranding
Affordable housing is still unaffordable for poorest people in Newham, as Stratford is now more affluent area, increasing cost of living
During the construction of the Olympicsthere were vert few jobs for local
Representation of place
Qualative
Tv, film, photography, art books infeleunce the knowledge of a place
Media is reaching a large global audience and is important in shaping wider percpetions, geographical distance is less of an obstacle
Near and far places are becoming more blurred as people develop attachment to places they have never visited through the media
Photographs to represent a place
Photos can be manipulated into improving the perception of a place, marketing imaged focus on natural beauty and landscape of place for tourist attractions
Art representations
Can be reliable than film/ photography at showing what a place looks like as they are the artists interpretation and can be effective at conveying sense of place and character
Outsider perspective = a person who feels they don't belong/ out of place
Insider perceptive = someone who feels similar with a place, share of cultural ideas i.e. born in the area or permanent resident
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Regeneration = long-term process of redevelopment in the use of social, economic and environmental action to reverse urban delicline and create sustainable communities