Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Problem Solving and Decision Making - Coggle Diagram
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Problem Solving Steps
Define the Problem
Use that definition to decide what category a problem belongs to and then based on that
Select a solution strategy that would solve a problem in that category
Always evaluate progress toward goal
Possible Solution Strategies
Trial and error - Works best with limited number of choices
Information retrieval - Retrieve from memory information about how such a problem has been solved in the past
Algorithms
exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution. Computers use algorithms
Heuristics
simple, efficient rules, learned from experience, that people use to make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information
Hill climbing - Move progressively closer to goal without moving backward
Sub-goals - Break large problem into smaller, more manageable ones, each of which is easier to solve than the whole problem
Means-end analysis - Aims to reduce the discrepancy between the current situation and the desired goal – subgoals not immediately in the solution direction are considered
Working backward - Work backward from the desired goal to the existing condition
Obstacles to Solving Problems
Motivation
Mental Sets
Functional Fixedness
Heuristics in Decision Making
Short-cuts learned from experience, that people use to make decisions typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information
Assumptions
Types
Availability heuristic
Operates when we make decisions on how available information is. The faster people can remember an instance of some event the more they expect it to occur.
Representativeness Heuristic
You make a decision based upon how much something represents, or matches up, with characteristics from your schema, or the typical case
Problems to Decision Making
Exaggerated fear
Overconfidence
Confirmation Bias
Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
Hindsight Bias