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How Are Genes Expressed? - Coggle Diagram
How Are Genes Expressed?
DNA Structure
Three parts: a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group
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Four bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
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RNA Structure
Three parts: a nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and a phosphate group
Four bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
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Protein Structure
Proteins have four levels of their structures: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
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The quaternary structure only happens in some proteins when the tertiary structures create a quaternary structure.
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Central Dogma
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Translation converts the mRNA into proteins with the help of tRNAs which contain the anticodons that bind with the codons of the mRNA in order to release the amino acids that are also on the tRNA. The released amino acids build on each other in order to form a polypeptide chain (protein).
Mutations
Changes to the DNA code, there are three types of mutations which are deletions, insertions, and substitutions.
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Genetic Analysis
DNA Extraction
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PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction is a process used to create multiple copies of one specific segment of DNA
Three steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension
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Gel Electrophoresis
DNA is slightly negatively charged and it can be run through a gel that has a current running through it in order to measure the lengths of different pieces of DNA
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Longer pieces of DNA stay near the top of the gel while smaller pieces travel faster and further through the DNA
Using a control or a ladder DNA which we already know the sizes of, we can compare and figure out the sizes of the DNA strands