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How Are Genes Expressed? - Coggle Diagram
How Are Genes Expressed?
DNA
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Have 3 common nitrogenous bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine
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RNA
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Have 3 common nitrogenous bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine
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fixes amino acids in the correct order to make a polypeptide, that eventually becomes a protein
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Transcription
In transcription, DNA, which is in the nucleus, is converted into RNA.
The RNA polymerase adds bases to the chain and creates the message of the genes, which is mRNA.
DNA is used by splitting it and allowing RNA polymerase to add the new nitrogenous bases by complementary base pairing them.
In mRNA, the uracil base replaces the thymine base. The adenine base pairs with a thymine base in DNA but in RNA, the adenine base pairs with a uracil base.
The purpose of transcription is to create a simplified copy of the genetic information in DNA, which is RNA.
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Translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.
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E site, A site, P site on the ribosome
The first amino acid is at the very top of the chain, the first molecule on the chain
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Translation ends in a cell with the tRNA being recycled and reused and the rest of the mRNA gets stored for translation.
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Genetic Mutation
CFTR
functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes.
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Genetic diseases: cystic fibrosis, hereditary pancreatitis
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This abnormal mucus can clog the airways, leading to severe problems with breathing and bacterial infections in the lungs.
Chronic coughing, wheezing, and inflammation, digestive problems
Sickle Cell Anemia
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In sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin does not function properly
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Sickle cell hemoglobin is less soluble because the last amino acid, valine, is nonpolar.
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Sickle cell anemia causes pain, damage to body organs
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Lab Testing
PCR
Extention 72
DNA polymerase adds the correct nucleotide base to the DNA strand and copies the DNA strand. In humans & bacteria Taq DNA polymerase is used.
Annealing 50-60
The forward primer and reverse primers will anneal to the complementary bases on the DNA strand. (The primers don’t stick to the gene; the area of interest is in between the primers).
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Repetition
It is amplified and copied 1 billion times. Spare DNTPs, which are nucleotides, are used by the DNA polymerase. (1 billion copies in 1.5 hrs, 30 PCR Cycles).
Gel Electrophoresis
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Key Idea
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Shorter gene will move faster and closer to the positive side because it can get through the gel’s inhibitions faster
Source of Error:
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Running the gel backwards; connecting negative/positive attachments to the wrong ends of the electrophoresis box
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