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LAW AND INTERNET - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Declaration on Transborder Data Flows (1985)
        On April 11, 1985, OECD ministers adopted the Declaration on Transborder Data Flows. This statement addressed the political issues arising from the flow of personal data across national borders such as flows of data and information about business activities, intra-business flows, computerized information services, and scientific and technological exchanges.
        By adopting this declaration, OECD governments reaffirmed their commitment to develop common approaches to issues of cross-border data flows and, if the occasion arises, to develop harmonized solutions.
        This publication includes the Statement on Transborder Data Flows.
        
        Ministerial declaration on the protection of network privacy
        global (1998)
        More recently, at the OECD ministerial conference "A World Without Borders: Identifying the Potential of Electronic Commerce" held in Ottawa in 1998, ministers reaffirmed "their commitment to protecting the privacy of the global network to ensure respect important rights, build trust in global networks and avoid unnecessary restrictions on cross-border flows of personal data.”
        They specifically stated that they would “work to link the different approaches taken by member countries to ensure privacy protection on global networks based on the OECD privacy guidelines.”
        During said conference, the ministers adopted a declaration that reaffirmed their commitment to the protection of privacy in global networks and the initiation of actions for future work in this regard.
        This publication also includes the Ministerial Declaration on the protection of privacy in global networks.
- - - - On March 29, 2021, the Personal Data Protection Law came into effect in the Republic of Panama through Law 81 of March 26, 2019. This Law establishes the principles, rights, obligations and procedures that regulate the protection of personal data in our country for natural and legal persons. Then, through Executive Decree 285 of 2021, Law 81 is regulated.
        It is important to note that before the enactment of Law 81 of 2019, there were legal provisions that currently regulate the protection of personal data in Panama, through special laws. Among which are the Banking Law, Insurance Law, Securities Law, Trust Law, Law that regulates the Rights and obligations of patients, in terms of information or free and informed decision, among others.
        
        What is Personal Data?
        Personal data is any information concerning natural persons that identifies or makes them identifiable.
        What is sensitive data?
        The Law defines sensitive data, those that refer to the intimate sphere of the owner, or whose improper use may give rise to discrimination or entail a serious risk for it.
        Sensitive data is considered to be those that can reveal aspects such as racial or ethnic origin; religious, philosophical and moral beliefs or convictions; union membership; political opinions; data related to health, life, sexual preference or orientation, genetic data or biometric data, among others.
        
        Object, principles and application
        The Law establishes the principles, rights, obligations and procedures that regulate the protection of personal data, considering its interrelation with private life and other fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens.
- - - - Infringements and sanctions
        Violations are classified as minor, serious and very serious:
        
        Minor: not sending or informing the authority of the information within the term and may lead to a summons from the authority.
        
        Serious: carry out the treatment without the consent of the owner, violate the established principles and guarantees, violate the confidentiality commitment, restrict ARCO rights, breach the duty to inform the owner of the data treatment, store or archive data without the conditions of security, not meeting the reiteration of the requirements and obligations of the authority, the foregoing may entail, depending on its proportionality, a fine of US$1,000 to $10,000 balboas.
        
        Very serious: intentionally collect personal data, do not observe regulations, do not suspend treatment when there is a prior requirement of the authority, store or transfer personal data internationally and repeat serious offenses, the above may lead to the closure of the records of the database and corresponding fine and even the suspension and disqualification of the storage and/or treatment activity.
- - - - Privacy protection is essential, and most states have adopted some form of protection. However, the frameworks are often inadequate and have not been kept up to date with modern uses of data and the challenge this represents. Data protection laws must be updated to deal with the problems that are emerging.
        
        For the past three decades, Privacy International has promoted and advocated for the right to privacy and, through its international network, has called for the adoption and implementation of the strongest possible data protection safeguards around the world.
        
        Data mining
        More and more frequently, everything we do generates data, whether or not we have a device. Our devices, our networks, and even our homes generate enormous amounts of data. Our transportation systems, automobiles, payment systems, and cities also generate data through and about us. With all this data, it is possible that we can build a better, fairer, cleaner, more sustainable and safer world. Although the opposite can also happen.
        
        Our devices and infrastructures are being designed to facilitate the exploitation of data. It is becoming increasingly difficult for people to control the ways in which data about their lives is shared and processed. As a result, industry and government are hoarding information about us with impunity. They aspire to a world dominated by data, where they can collect our information freely, look for patterns and similarities, generate intelligence and make decisions about us and our future.
        
        We are not yet prepared for the future, which is already taking shape. Our legislation still fails to address these risks. Our technologies are not secure and leak information. As a result, people do not enjoy security.
- - - - For its part, the General Directorate of Revenue of Panama, the competent authority in matters of automatic exchange of information for tax purposes, issued Resolution No. 201-3931 of June 29, 2017, "by which the minimum requirements are established of the self-certification" that the Panamanian Financial Institutions Subject to Report (Ifpsr) must obtain from their potential clients, for the opening of new accounts and in the other circumstances established in the Panamanian regulations regarding the automatic exchange of information under the framework of the Standard Common Reporting System (or CRS). In this regard, the resolution requires that said self-certification specify the country or countries of tax residence of the potential individual client, as well as the respective NIF(s).
- - - - Arend Hintze has established a classification with four types of artificial intelligence.
        
        Reactive machines. The most basic types of AI systems are purely reactive.
        
        Limited memory. The Type II drives machines that can look into the past.
        
        Theory of mind.
        
        Self-awareness.
        
        Today, Artificial Intelligence is used in issues such as natural language processing, the automation of industrial processes or even the selection of content. The different types of AI are already part of processes of all kinds.
      - What is the ML method?
        Machine Learning or automatic learning basically consists of automating, through different algorithms, the identification of patterns or trends that are "hidden" in the data.
        A subset of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) is the area of computational science that focuses on the analysis and interpretation of patterns and data structures that make learning, reasoning, and decision-making possible. decisions without human interaction.
        
        Machine Learning is divided into two main areas: supervised learning and unsupervised learning. Although it may seem that the first refers to prediction with human intervention and the second does not, these two concepts have more to do with what we want to do with the data.
        Once you understand what machine learning is, it is worth knowing the three types of machine learning algorithms that exist: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement.
        Machine learning is a branch within the field of Artificial Intelligence that provides systems with the ability to learn and improve automatically, based on experience. These systems transform data into information, and with this information they can make decisions.