Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Political Parties - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Abolition of First Past the Post , when in coalition succeeded in securing a national referendum to the AV but failed.
  - - - Extension of devolution for each of the nations of a strong, federal and united UK.
  - - - Taxing big business more heavily including a promise yo restore corporation tax to 20% reversing the previous cut to 17%.
  - - - Reinstate maintenance grants for the poorest students.
  - - - New legally binding target to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2045, implementing a comprehensive climate plan.
- - - - Pro-European, thus keen to join the EEC.
  - - - John Major’s ‘Back to Basics’ campaign in 1993.
      - Passing Section 28 in 1988, Theresa may’s promise as Home Secretary to create a ‘hostile encironemtn’ for illegal immigrants.
      - Opposition to Sunday trading through backbench revolt in 2016.
  - - - Lower taxes, denationalisation of the state-owned industries and encourage council tenants to buy their own homes.
    - - A promise not to raise the rate of income tax, VAT or National Insurance.
  - - - Cameron hoped to settle the matter via referendum on continued membership to the EU in 2016, which subsequently made divisions deeper.
- - - - But following Thatcher, none were renationalised, until Corbin;s pledge in 2017 and 2019.
  - - - Unions have supplied th bulk of Labour’s funding.
      - This has waned throguh the 1980s and 1990s through deindustrialisation.
    - - Blair/Brown did not reform these changes. But under Corbyn, they enjoyed an increased influence and access to the leadership
  - - - Part of an out working of socialism’s emphasis on the need for workers to show solidarity across national boundaries.
      - Weakened by Blair’s relationship with George W. Bush, and his ‘war on terror’.
  - - - Triangulation accepting Thatcherite economics but retaining Labour’s social values.
      - Less concern over who owned industry with more emphasis on how profits could be put to good use on social justice.
- - - - Vote in series of ballots to narrow choice down to 2.
        2019- 9 MPs secured enough support to stand, seven eliminated leaving Jeremy Hunt and Boris Johnson.
    - - One member, one vote basis. Johnson won with around 2/3 share.
  - - - Must first secure backing of at least 10% of MPs/MEPs, as well as 5% of constituency parties or three affiliates (2 of which must be trade unions).
        2020- Emily Thornberry failed to get sufficient support from the affiliates section so was unable to proceed.
    - - OMOV basis, using the AV system to make the final choice. As Keir Starmer won over 50% of the vote in the first round, there was no need for a second vote.
    - - Ed MIliband abolished the Labour Leader being chosen by electoral college where party members, MPs and trade unions each had a third of the votes.
  - - - Must gain support from at least 10% of other Lib Dem MPs and be supported by at least 200 members from more than 20 local parties.
    - - OMOV basis to make final decision. Ed Davey won in 2020 securing 63.5% of the vote in the first and only round.
- - - - Local
        Local Conservative Associations
      - National
        Conservative Campaign HQ- Day to day running of the party machine is undertaken by the Board of the Conservative Party, made up of reps from each section, including MPs and local associations. Only 3/18 members are from grassroots party, overseen by the Annual Convention.
    - - Local
        Key role in organising the grassroots of the party, planning local campaigns and selecting candidates.
      - National
        Conservative Party Forum set up in 1998 to enable grassroots participation in policy making. Advisory role. The construction of the manifesto is left to the leader and trusted advisers, such as Rachel Wolf 2019.
  - - - Local
        Each constituency has a Constituent Labour Party.
      - National
        Day to day running is undertaken by the National Executive Committee. Enforces party discipline. Final say over selection of candidates. Membership automatically includes representatives from the parliamentary party, affiliated unions, CLPs, local councillors and Young Labour. Elections highly factionalised
    - - Local
        CLP leads in local and national election campaigns.
      - National
        Until 1990s, the annual conference was the sovereign policy-making role but has since diminished.
  - - - Local
        Have local branches, but also organised along federal lines, separate for England, Wales and Scotland.
      - National
        The Federal Board is the national governing body, comprising 35 voting members including the party president, the leader, three other MPs/ peers, chairs of the three national parties, a councillor, a Young Liberals rep ad 15 members directly elected by party members.
    - - National
        Replicates federal structure. Motions debated and passed att conference become official party policy. If policy affects the whole of the Uk or just England, it is voted by the Lib Dem federal Conference, while Scottih, Welsh, and regional conferences set policy which affects their own area.
      - Local
        Main role in running constituency-level campaigns, and can submit motions to conference for debate.
- - - - Strict limits on the amount each party can spend in the run-up to election, of £30,000 per constituency.
      - Parties must declare all large donations (0ver £7,500)
    - - Leave.EU was fined £70,000 for breaches of electoral law.
  - - - Membership Subscriptions
        Fairest and most transparent method of funding. Large numbers paying small amounts ensures no single donor gets undue influence.
        
        Memberships are not large enough to sustain level of finance required.
      - Individual Donors
        The main problem is corruption.
        1997 Bernie Ecclestone (Labour donor of £1 million) led some to suggest he was repaid by the delay to tobacco advertising in F1 motor racing.
        Almost 20% of the Leader’s group (over £50,000) later received honours such as hedge-fund manager Michael Farmer (£6.4 million since 2010) received a peerage.
        
        This is not a new accusation.
      - State Funding
        Pence per vote or member.
        
        Parties can receive public funds through Policy Development Grants (£2 million annually) available to members who have at least 2 siting members of the House of Commons who have taken the oath of allegiance.
        
        Indirect help from free TV airtime for party-election broadcasts .
        
        Should the state fund political parties?
        
        Yes
        
        State money would be ‘clean’ without dependence on donors who may expect something in return.
        
        Enable politicians to focus on representing constituents opposed to cosying up to donors.
        
        Greater sense of equality amongst parties.
        
        Other regulation attempts have largely failed.
        
        State financing is largely advocated by the 2011 Committee on Standards in Public Life
        
        If parties had state funding according to their vote share, it would encourage them to campaign in all seats not just in key marginals, aiding overall democracy.
        
        Easier to limit overall spending in elections.
        
        No
        
        Voters should not fund parties they disagree with as there are better areas to spend taxpayers’ money.
        
        Parties could become isolated if links and donations with interest groups were cut.
        
        Always be an inequality of funding as some parties are larger and more popular than others.
        
        It is democratic for people to fund parties if they wish.
        
        Politics should be treated as an extension of the free market.
        
        Funding based on existing vote share only favours larger parties, making it more difficult for smaller parties to be able to get off the ground as they are already disadvantaged by FPTP.
        
        Less incentivised to recruit actual members.
        
        Funding could be manipulated in favour of the governing party.
- - - - Most notable in the devolved assemblies.
    - - Share of seats recently is increasing, despite a decrease in share of the vote.
    - - Despite this dominance, still a two party system as there were only two likely election winners
- - - - Parties in recent years sought to increase diversity within the pool. (Labour pioneered the use of all-women shortlists).
      - On occasion, the central party may impose a candidate shortlist on the local party.
        
        2019- Labour's NEC accused of fast tracking longlists of favoured candidates, for instance in Ealing North to have candidates ready for a snap election.
        
        Party activists claim they lacked sufficient local candidates undermining local parties democratic influence on the process.