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Denise Juarez P.2 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Denise Juarez P.2 Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of Blood
Functions
Transport
Delivering O2and nutrients to body cells
Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation
Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Maintaining normal pHusing buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
Preventing blood loss
Plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
Preventing infection
Agents of immunity are carried in blood (antibodies, complement proteins, WBCs
Components
Plasma
Straw-colored sticky fluid
About 90% water
Nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
Albumin: makes up 60% of plasma proteins
55% of whole blood
least dense component
top
Formed Elements
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Buffy coat
WBC & platelets
<1% of whole blood
Middle
Enthrocytes
45% of whole blood
most dense component
Bottom
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of RBCs
Blood may contain preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies
blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
RH
protein called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (–), creating the 8 most common blood types (A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-).
Most common antigen of the Rh group is Antigen D
Rh blood types include several Rh antigens or factors
If Rh factor (Antigen D) is present on a person's red blood cells the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative
Layers of the heart
Coverings of the Heart
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
Pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of two layers
Layers of the Heart Wall
Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
graphic recording of electrical activity
Composite of all action potentials at given time; not a tracing of a single AP
Main Features:
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Cardiac cycle:
ventricular systole (2nd phase)
ventricular diastole (early)
ventricular systole (1st phase)
ventricular diastole (late)
Atriole systole begins
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Pumping chambers of heart
Right Ventricle: Pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
Left Ventricle: Pumps blood through systemic circuit
Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from tissues
via pulmonary circuit
Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs
via systemic circuit
Receiving chambers of heart
Right atrium : Receives blood returning from systemic circuit
Left Atrium: Receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
Size, Location, and Orientation of Heart
Approximately the size of a fist
In mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
Weighs less than 1 pound
Apex points toward left hip
Base (posterior surface) leans toward right shoulder
Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
Left ventricle: posteroinferior surface
Trabeculae carneae: irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
Right ventricle: most of anterior surface
Papillary muscles: project into ventricular cavity
Ventricles: the discharging chambers
Right ventricle: Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
Left ventricle: Pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body)
Atria: the receiving chambers
Right atrium: receives deoxygenated blood from body
Atrium: appendages that increase atrial volume
Coronary sinus: returns blood from coronary veins
Superior vena cava: returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava: returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Internal features
Two inferior ventricles
Interatrial septum: separates atriums
Two superior atriums
Interventricular septum: separates ventricles
Surface features
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)
Heart Valves
one way blood flow through heart – prevents backflow of blood
Atrioventricular valves located between atria and ventricles
Semilunar valves located between ventricles and major arteries
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Tricuspid valve (right AV valve): made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle
Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve): made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
Two atrioventricular (AV ) valves prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
Chordae tendineae: anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles
Semilunar (SL) Valves
Two semilunar (SL) valves prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles
Open and close in response to pressure changes
Pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aorta
Coronary Circulation
Functional blood supply to heart muscle itself
Coronary veins
Cardiac veins collect blood from capillary beds
Coronary sinus empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins
Great cardiac vein of anterior interventricular sulcus
Middle cardiac vein in posterior interventricular sulcus
Small cardiac vein from inferior margin
Coronary arteries
Both left and right coronary arteries arise from base of aorta and supply arterial blood to heart
Left coronary artery supplies interventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls, left atrium, and posterior wall of left ventricle
Right coronary artery supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Capillaries
direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
only single RBC can pass through at a time
Functions: exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and
interstitial fluid
Veins
carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Formation begins when capillary beds unite in postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins
Arteries
carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Muscular arteries: Elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
they deliver blood to body organs
Arterioles: smallest of all arteries
resistance arteries because changing diameters change resistance to blood flow
Elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood pressure (BP): force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Pulse: throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures, which can be felt under
skin
Vital signs: pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body
temperature
Pressure points: areas where arteries are close to body surface
Radial pulse (taken at the wrist): most routinely used, but there are other
clinically important pulse points
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
Arteries
radial artery
subclavian artery
ulnar artery
aortic arch
brachial artery
axillary artery
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta
common iliac artery
femoral artery
ascending aorta
brachiocephalic trunk
common carotid artery
anterior tibial artery
fibular artery
Veins
internal iliac vein
external iliac vein
radial vein
femoral vein
ulnar veins
external jugular vein
Brachial vein
subclavian vein
Superior vena cava
axillary vein
Brachiocephalic vein
cephalic vein
basilic vein
Internal jugular vein
inferior vena cava
common iliac vein
great saphenous vein
Blood flow through the heart and body
Lungs
oxygen rich blood
Pulmonary trunk / arteries
pulmonary veins
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrium
Right ventricle
bicuspid / mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Aortic semilunar valve
SVC & IVC
Aorta
oxygen poor blood
rest of body
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins
Veins transport blood toward the heart
The systemic circuit sends oxygen-rich blood to all body cells,where it drops of oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
Pulmonary circuit carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide
Supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them
delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Cerebrovascular Aciident (Stroke)
blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Congenial Heart Disease
issue with heart structure and / or function present from birth
Peripheral Artery Disease
arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities