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Cardiovascular System Dylan Pina P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
Dylan Pina
P.2
Major components and functions of Blood
Functions
Transporting
delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation
maintaining body temp. by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
preventing blood loss- plasma proteins & platelets in blood initiate clot formation
preventing infection- agents of immunity are carried in blood
Composition
matrix is nonliving fluid called plasma
erythrocytes on bottom- 45% of whole blood
Plasma on top is 55% and less than 1% is the buffy coat
ABO, Rh blood types
O negative blood is the universal blood donor because it carries no antigens
AB blood is the universal blood recipient because it carries no antibodies
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Transportation function
To transport nutrients,gases and waste products around the body
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation Functions
maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
preventing blood loss
plasma proteins and platelets in blood initrate clot formation
preventing infection
agents of immunity are carried in blood
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
the right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the tissues
pumps blood to get rid of Co2, pick up O2
left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Receiving chambers of heart
Right Atrium- receives blood returning from the systemic circuit
left atrium- blood returning from the pulmonary circuit
Pumping chambers of the heart
right ventricle- pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit
pumps blood through the systemic circuit
base leans towards the right shoulder
the apex is the bottom of the heart
Coverings of the heart
Pericardium- double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of 2 layers
parietal layer- internal surface
visceral layer- external surface
AV valves & Semilunar Valves
Tricuspid Valve- made up of 3 cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle
mitral valve- made up of 2 cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
semi-lunar valves prevent back flow from major arteries
Pulmonary Valve- located between right ventricle and pulmonary lungs
aortic valve- located between left ventricle and aorta
Layers of the heart
Epicardium
visceral layer of secous pericardium
myocardium
circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac
pericardium
double-walled sac that surrounds the heart; made up of 2 layers
endocardium
innermost layer, continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Blood flow through the heart and body
Pulmonary circuit
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semi-lunar valve
pulmonary trunk/artery
to the lungs and then carried by the pulmonary veins
Systemic Circuit
left atrium
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic semi-lunar valve
aorta
throughout the body and finishes in the superior/inferior vena cavas
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
arteries carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated apart from pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
categorized into 3 subgroups based on size and function
capillaries- direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs
do not have walls
functions- exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, between blood and interstitial fluid
capillary beds
veins- carry blood towards the heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus.
venous valves and venous sinuses
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat - cardiac cycle
Sequence of Depolarization & Repolarization
atrial depolarization initiated by the SA node (Pwave)
after atrial depolarization, the impulse is delayed at the AV node
ventricular depolarization begins at apex, causing the QRS complex
ventricular depolarization is complete
ventricular repolarization begins at apex, causing T wave
ventricular repolarization is complete
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Arteries
Aorta- largest artery
braciocephalic artery
subclavian artery
femoral artery
carotid artery
jogular artery
anterior fibial artery
Veins
Superior/inferior vena cava
axillary veins
pulmonary veins
common iliac veins
ulnar veins
jogular veins
radial veins
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
vital signs- pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temp
blood pressure is the force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Measuring blood Pressure
weap cuff around arm superior to elbow
increase pressure in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery
release pressure slowly while listening for korotfoff sounds
The first sound will be the systolic pressure and the 2nd sound will be the diastolic pressure
diastolic pressure- lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
systolic pressure- pressure exerted on aorta during ventricular contraction
pressure points- areas where arteries are close to body surface
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Anemia
blood has abnormally low O2-carrying capacity
symptoms include fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, chills
Blood Loss- Can be Chronic Anemia or Hemorrhagic anemia
sickle-cell anemia- poor O2 delivery an pain
Congenital Heart Disease
issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
may cause death, dependent on condition, cyanosis common
Endocarditis and Myocarditis
imflammation of the heart
symptoms- chest pain, fatigue, fever
Peripheral Artery Disease
arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
symptoms include leg and arm pain, wounds that will not heal and a weak pulse