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WHY HAS MIGRATION BECOME COMPLEX - Coggle Diagram
WHY HAS MIGRATION BECOME COMPLEX
New source and host countries
Inter-regional
Migration of highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the USA including STEM graduates. Higher quality of life and salary
Workers from, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan to Gulf states e. Saudi Arabia and UAE due to demand for labour. Easy to send remittances
South-south corridors outnumber south-north due to labour migration, 2/3 of migrant remittances are sent between southern countries, Bangladesh- India 3 largest bilateral flow (3.3 million)
Other reasons include, restrictive administrative barriers to the north, fast growing economies in the south, cost of moving north
Intra-regional
Cambodia and Myanmar are top sources. Myanmar to Thailand, Thailand is southeast Asia’s fastest growing economy has minimum wage 10x bigger than Myanmar’s, resolving labour shortages in primary sector, geographical proximity
Low skilled undocumented migrants seeking wages via cyclical migration (moving between host and origin)
Movement within South America driven by disparities in wages
Return migration within EU e.g 93% of Romanian migrants return
Internal
Flows within EDCs e.g India, Brazil, Mexico and China driven by FDI
Creates hubs of economic activity in urban areas, reinforcing rural- urban migration
Globalisation
Growing disparities
80% of the global population live in LIDCs and EDCs where most population growth occurs. Development is compounded by this growth
Lack of development-weak law of rule and democracy leads to migration to protect families
The global job crisis
People migrate to find work (rural - urban migration) during 2008 financial crisis.
Overall unemployment has declines
Still unchanging in developing world as work is seasonal (agriculture)
380 million on less than $1 a day, 12 million in forced labour
Segmentation of the labour market
HIC- sectors of the labour market are rejected by native workers so occupied by migrants. Undocumented migrants face risk of exploitation and abuse
Communication and transport revolution
Transport has made migration more feasible. Mobile phones are the first tele communication technology to have more users in the developing word
Central to globalisation- has facilitated global linkages
Increased awareness of disparities and life elsewhere- encourages them to seek opportunities abroad
Migration networks
Moving to countries for family (transnational)- self perpetuating cycle. Finance and information can be provided for migrants to help them settle and find work
New rights and entitlements
Expansion of rights allows people to cross borders and stay abroad longer e.g eu
Young or female demographic
Young workers
Greater employment and wages e.g in central and Southern Asia migrant population was mostly 25-44
Demand for oil workers in Middle East 2000-2019 foreign born population in UAE increased from 2.45 million to 8.5 million
High proportion from India, Bangladesh and Pakistani males working in construction
Female migrants
2019, 51% of all migrants in developed countries and 49% in developing countries were women
Europe, Latin America, The Caribbean, North America and Oceania female migration exceeded male
Opposite in Africa and Asia
More rights for women e.g independence, status, freedom, importance as main income earners
2013 highest female migrant stock was Latvia (60.8%) and lowest was Bangladesh (13.4%)
Large migration to Canada, USA and UK due to less discrimination in the labour market and better rights
Conflict
2012-2019 refugees increased from 15.7 million to 26 million worldwide with Syria being the biggest source and Türkiye the biggest destination
2019 16.2 million asylum applications globally Germany and USA biggest recipients
E.g 2011 Syrian Civil War had 5.6 million refugees, mostly moving to bordering countries Türkiye and Lebanon
Lebanon has been particularly overwhelmed; a visa is now needed to enter and Syrians seeking work mst be sponsored by a Lebanese individual or company
Policy changes
ADCs largely use point-based systems to satisfy labour shortages, EDCs or LIDCs encourage emigration to assist development
E.g Pakistani government are pro-emigration Ministry of overseas Pakistanis and International Labour development aims to promote emigration and safeguard migrants e.g protection of basic rights, promotion of manpower exports from Pakistan, encouraging female participation, training for young workers
E.g Canada changes made in 2015 to address the skills gap in the labour market, new policy is aimed at engineers, IT specialists and healthcare workers. Potential migrants are ranked allowing young skilled workers to bre fast tracked but effort is made to employ Canadian citizens first. Migrants with permanent job offers only require half the necessary points
Development of distinct corridors
E.g Myanmar and Bangladesh
Affected by cost of travel, proximity, ease of communication, efficiency of remittances, employment , migration policies, language, creates interdependence
E.g Brazil
Current patterns
7th largest economy in the world, moving rapidly through demographic transition.
Only 190,000 net migration loss 2010-2014, increased migration between Brazil and bordering encourages e.g Chile
Less emigration of lower skilled workers, more of higher skilled workers to the USA and Japan, influx in migrants from African countries and labour migrants following the 2014 World Cup and 2016 olympics
Internal migration from northeast to southeast
Changes over time
Migration to work in the agrigcultural sector in late 19th century
Political crises has led to migration form Bolivia, Angola and Lebanon
Migration has slowed in the last 15 years, 80,000 fewer migrants living in Brazil than at the start of the century but emigration has increased, USA has Brazil’s largest overseas population, strong cultural links lead to emigration to Japan
Interdependence with other countries
Portugal- long standing bilateral relationship due to colonial links and ancestry Portugal has become a gateway for entry to the EU. Remittances have also become important
USA- low skilled workers from Brazil in the US can send remittances, returning migrants share skills and knowledge e.g education and teacher training. US have negotiate support in project such as helping Xavante indigenous people to protect their lands form forest fired and assisting the Brazilian government in sustainable forest management
Haiti- National Immigration council for Brazil enables Haitian migrants to easily obtain visas reducing vulnerability to trafficking- has helped recovery from 2010 earthquake and 2012 hurricane sandy. Haitians escaping political instability, poverty and gender based violence tend to join friends no relatives in the southeast where many low skilled jobs are available
Impacts of migration
Econimc development- growth in agriculture and manufacturing, entrepreneurship, innovation, filling gaps in labour market, remittances used in housing improvements and recreational spending
Political stability- one of the BRICS group of emerging economies, part of Mercosur a trading bloc in South America, relationships with USA , Portugal and Japan
Social equality- inequality between native Brazilians and African Brazilians, housing provision and education, inequality have a spatial perspective- concentrated in favelas, discrimination among labour market against black or indigenous communities.